基督科学

基督科学
基督科学
	基督科学第一教堂（The First Church of Christ, Scientist）位于美国波士顿的基督科学中心，前景是最初始建于1894年的的母教堂，后面是1906年的母教堂扩建部分
典籍	《科学与健康暨解经之钥》与《圣经》
神学	信仰及教诲 - 基督科学
创始人	玛丽·贝克·艾迪 (1821–1910)
信徒	教会官方称有40万人（2008年）独立调查数据为美国约106,000人（1990年）50000人以下（2009年）;。
官方网站	基督科学

基督科学（Christian Science），是基督科学教会（Church of Christ, Scientist）的一套信仰和实践体系。教会有时也被非正式地称为基督教科学会。教会由玛丽·贝克·艾迪于1879年在新英格兰创立。她1875年所著的《科学与健康暨解经之钥》一书，概述了基督科学的神学^{[n 2]}。这本书与《圣经》一起成为基督科学的核心教义，到 2001 年已售出超过 900 万本^[5]。始建于1894年的母教会称“基督科学教徒第一教会”，位于美国马萨诸塞州波士顿^[6]。信徒通常被称为基督科学信徒（Christian Scientists）或基督科学的学生。

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1879年，艾迪和她的26名追随者获得马萨诸塞邦颁发的特许状，成立了“基督教会（科学家）”（Church of Christ (Scientist)）；1892年重组为如今的“基督科学教会”^[7]。创立之初作为“思想者的宗教”，成为了美国发展最快的宗教，到1936年已有近27万名成员，1990年时这一数字已下降到略多于10万人^[8] 。到2009年则降至不到五万人^[4]。该教会以其报纸《基督科学箴言报》及其遍布世界各地的公共阅览室而闻名，报纸在1950年至 2002年间曾七次荣获普利策奖^{[n 3]}。

基督科学的信条与许多其他基督教派有显著区别，其中包括三位一体、耶稣的神性、赎罪、复活和圣体等关键概念^[10]^[11]。艾迪则将基督科学描述为“原始基督教及其失去的治疗元素”的回归^[12]。追随者信奉一种激进的唯心主义哲学，认为现实纯粹是精神的，物质世界只是幻象^[13]。其中包括这样一种有争议的观点，即疾病是一种精神错误而不是身体疾病，病人不应该透过药物治疗，而应该透过祈祷的形式来治疗，这种祈祷旨在纠正造成健康状况不佳的幻觉的信念^[14]^[15]。

教会并未强制要求基督科学信徒拒绝医疗照护——追随者请牙医、验光师、产科医生、医生治疗骨折，并在法律要求时接种疫苗——但坚持基督科学的祈祷在不与药物相结合时最有效^[16]^[17]。对祈祷的依赖和避免医疗被指责为导致几名信徒及其子女死亡的原因。1880年代至1890年代期间，有受害者父母和其他人以过失杀人或疏忽大意而被起诉，并在少数案件中被定罪^[18]。

艾迪宣称，既然上帝是绝对的善与完美，那么罪、疾病和死亡都与上帝无关，因此都不是真实的。这个物质世界是虚幻的，真正的真理和存在都是在精神层面上，所以所有的物质上的“错误”都可以靠更高层次的灵修来解决。她更进一步地说明她所领悟出来的道理正是如同《圣经》里所记载的那样，耶稣基督有治愈能力也是因为有同样的领悟。基督科学教徒则根据这个教义深信，疾病可以透过信仰、祈祷和领悟更高一层对于上帝、基督与人之间的关系而治愈。这样的结果就是教徒有病痛时往往只靠着祈祷而不寻求医疗协助，他们的教会刊物上也常常刊登这类的透过祈祷而治愈的报导。

基督科学教会非传统的传教方式和内容因此引起许多争议。一些教会人士因为不肯寻求正常的医疗协助，只靠着祈祷来治病，结果死于一些本来可以医好的疾病。其中因此而死的小孩，他们的父母因此被提起刑事诉讼，理由是疏忽和不当致死。教会方面则辩称，根据他们的完整纪录，他们的“灵修治病”祈祷方式确实治愈了许多连医生都束手无策的绝症。

在神学界，基督科学的教义也引起一阵骚动，特别是透过19世纪起盛行的科学角度来看（注：即基督科学所称的“科学”在如今完全称不上科学）。一些其他基督教派人士则讥讽，基督科学教会只能算是一种《圣经》解说学派，只是一时的，根本不算是一种新的基督教派。即便如此，基督科学在发展初期以及在1960和1970年代的再次发展却也因此吸引很多人的注意，也得到了快速的成长。

在分类上，基督科学通常被归类到基督教分支的复原主义教派这一旁支上，不过也引起一些争议。

[n 1]
PBS, August 2008: "The church estimates it has about 400,000 members worldwide, but independent studies put membership at around 100,000."^[2]
[n 2]
The book was originally just called Science and Health; the subtitle with a Key to the Scriptures was added in 1883 and was later amended to with Key to the Scriptures.^{[来源请求]}
[n 3]
In April 2010, the Christian Science Journal listed 1,068 Reading Rooms in the United States and 489 elsewhere.^[9]

[1]
"Christian Science Center Complex" 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2015-09-23., Boston Landmarks Commission, Environment Department, City of Boston, January 25, 2011 (hereafter Boston Landmarks Commission 2011), pp. 6–12.
[2]
Valente, Judy (August 1, 2008). "Christian Science Healing". PBS.
[3]
Stark, Rodney. The Rise and Fall of Christian Science. Journal of Contemporary Religion. 1998, 13 (2): (189–214), 191. doi:10.1080/13537909808580830.
[4]
Prothero, Donald; Callahan, Timothy D. UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens: What Science Says. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2017: 165.
[5]
Gutjahr, Paul C. Sacred Texts in the United States. Book History. 2001, 4: (335–370) 348. JSTOR 30227336. S2CID 162339753. doi:10.1353/bh.2001.0008.
[6]
For the charter, Eddy, Mary Baker (1908) [1895]. Manual of the Mother Church, 89th edition. Boston: The First Church of Christ, Scientist. pp. 17–18.
[7]
Women and the Law. The Mary Baker Eddy Library. 22 January 2016. （原始内容存档于18 January 2021）.
[8]
Stark 1998，第190–191页.
[9]
Fuller 2011，第175页
[10]
Fraser 1999，第131-132页.
[11]
Wilson 1961，第124页.
[12]
Wilson, Bryan. Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of the Elim Tabernacle, Christian Science, and Christadelphians. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1961: 125.
Eddy, Manual of the Mother Church, p. 17.
[13]
Wilson 1961，第127页; Rescher, Nicholas (2009) [1996]. "Idealism", in Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa (eds.). A Companion to Metaphysics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 318 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-11-01..
[14]
Wilson 1961，第125页.
[15]
Battin, Margaret P. High-Risk Religion: Christian Science and the Violation of Informed Consent. DesAutels, Peggy; Battin, Margaret P.; May, Larry (编). Praying for a Cure: When Medical and Religious Practices Conflict. Lanham, MD, and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 1999: 11. ISBN 0-8476-9262-0.
[16]
Schoepflin, Rennie B. (2003). Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 192–193.
Trammell, Mary M., chair, Christian Science board of directors (March 26, 2010). "Letter; What the Christian Science Church Teaches" 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-08-07.. The New York Times.
[17]
Regarding vaccines specifically, see:
- Christine Pae (September 1, 2021). "Here's who qualifies for a religious exemption to Washington's COVID-19 vaccine mandate". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-09-28.. KING 5.
- Samantha Maiden (April 18, 2015). "No Jab, No Pay reforms: Religious exemptions for vaccination dumped". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-09-28.. Daily Telegraph (Australia).
[18]
Schoepflin 2003, pp. 212–216 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-11-01.; Peters, Shawn Francis (2007). When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 91, 109–130. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-11-01..

基督科学（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（简体中文）

[3] [n 1]
PBS, August 2008: "The church estimates it has about 400,000 members worldwide, but independent studies put membership at around 100,000."^[2]

[6] [n 2]
The book was originally just called Science and Health; the subtitle with a Key to the Scriptures was added in 1883 and was later amended to with Key to the Scriptures.^{[来源请求]}

[12] [n 3]
In April 2010, the Christian Science Journal listed 1,068 Reading Rooms in the United States and 489 elsewhere.^[9]

[1] [1]
"Christian Science Center Complex" 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2015-09-23., Boston Landmarks Commission, Environment Department, City of Boston, January 25, 2011 (hereafter Boston Landmarks Commission 2011), pp. 6–12.

[2] [2]
Valente, Judy (August 1, 2008). "Christian Science Healing". PBS.

[Stark191-4] [3]
Stark, Rodney. The Rise and Fall of Christian Science. Journal of Contemporary Religion. 1998, 13 (2): (189–214), 191. doi:10.1080/13537909808580830.

[Prothero2017p165-5] [4]
Prothero, Donald; Callahan, Timothy D. UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens: What Science Says. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2017: 165.

[Gutjahr2001p348-7] [5]
Gutjahr, Paul C. Sacred Texts in the United States. Book History. 2001, 4: (335–370) 348. JSTOR 30227336. S2CID 162339753. doi:10.1353/bh.2001.0008.

[8] [6]
For the charter, Eddy, Mary Baker (1908) [1895]. Manual of the Mother Church, 89th edition. Boston: The First Church of Christ, Scientist. pp. 17–18.

[9] [7]
Women and the Law. The Mary Baker Eddy Library. 22 January 2016. （原始内容存档于18 January 2021）.

[FOOTNOTEStark1998190–191-10] [8]
Stark 1998，第190–191页.

[11] [9]
Fuller 2011，第175页

[FOOTNOTEFraser1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtchcDwAAQBAJdq22theyawninggulfbetweenchristianscientists22pgPT20_131-132]-13] [10]
Fraser 1999，第131-132页.

[FOOTNOTEWilson1961[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1NWVP5kDBJcCpgPA124_124]-14] [11]
Wilson 1961，第124页.

[lostelement-15] [12]
Wilson, Bryan. Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of the Elim Tabernacle, Christian Science, and Christadelphians. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1961: 125.
Eddy, Manual of the Mother Church, p. 17.

[16] [13]
Wilson 1961，第127页; Rescher, Nicholas (2009) [1996]. "Idealism", in Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa (eds.). A Companion to Metaphysics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 318 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-11-01..

[FOOTNOTEWilson1961[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1NWVP5kDBJcCpgPA125_125]-17] [14]
Wilson 1961，第125页.

[18] [15]
Battin, Margaret P. High-Risk Religion: Christian Science and the Violation of Informed Consent. DesAutels, Peggy; Battin, Margaret P.; May, Larry (编). Praying for a Cure: When Medical and Religious Practices Conflict. Lanham, MD, and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 1999: 11. ISBN 0-8476-9262-0.

[combined-19] [16]
Schoepflin, Rennie B. (2003). Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 192–193.
Trammell, Mary M., chair, Christian Science board of directors (March 26, 2010). "Letter; What the Christian Science Church Teaches" 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-08-07.. The New York Times.

[20] [17]
Regarding vaccines specifically, see:
Christine Pae (September 1, 2021). "Here's who qualifies for a religious exemption to Washington's COVID-19 vaccine mandate". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-09-28.. KING 5.

Samantha Maiden (April 18, 2015). "No Jab, No Pay reforms: Religious exemptions for vaccination dumped". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-09-28.. Daily Telegraph (Australia).

[21] Christine Pae (September 1, 2021). "Here's who qualifies for a religious exemption to Washington's COVID-19 vaccine mandate". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-09-28.. KING 5.

[22] Samantha Maiden (April 18, 2015). "No Jab, No Pay reforms: Religious exemptions for vaccination dumped". 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-09-28.. Daily Telegraph (Australia).

[21] [18]
Schoepflin 2003, pp. 212–216 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-11-01.; Peters, Shawn Francis (2007). When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 91, 109–130. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2022-11-01..

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基督科学

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