Morocco

Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the country in North Africa. For other uses, see Morocco (disambiguation).

For the instrument, see Maraca.

Morocco (/məˈrɒkoʊ/ (pulikizgani machemelo)),^{[note 5]} mwalamulo, Ufumu wa Morocco, ^{[note 6]}ni chalo icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto na Atlantic Ocean kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu cha Mauritania chili kumwera kwa Western Sahara. Morocco nayo wakukhumba malo gha Ceuta, Melilla, na Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, kweniso virwa vichoko ivyo vikulongozgeka na Spain.^[15] Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 446,300 km2 panji 710,850 km2^[b], ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 37 miliyoni. Chisopa chake ni Chisilamu, ndipo viyowoyero vyake ni Chiarabic na Chiberber. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakusazgako mitheto ya ku Arab, Berber, Africa na Europe. Msumba ukuru wa Rabat ni Casablanca.^[16][17]

Kingdom of Morocco المملكة المغربية (Arabic) ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (Standard Moroccan Tamazight)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso:  الله، الوطن، الملك  (Arabic) ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ (Standard Moroccan Tamazight)
Nyimbo:  النشيد الوطني  (Arabic) ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ  (Standard Moroccan Tamazight) "National Anthem"
Location of Morocco in northwest Africa Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco Lighter green: Western Sahara, a territory claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco as its Southern Provinces[note 2] Location of Morocco in northwest Africa Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco Lighter green: Western Sahara, a territory claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco as its Southern Provinces[note 3]
Msumba Waboma		Rabat
Msumba usani		Casablanca 33°32′N 7°35′W
Chiyowoyelo chaboma		Arabic Amazigh
Spoken languages		Moroccan Arabic Hassaniya Arabic Berber French[note 4]
Foreign languages		English Spanish[6]
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2012)		67% Arabs 31% Berbers 2% Sahrawis
Vipembezo		99.6% Islam (official) 99.23% Sunni 0.45% Shia 0.3% Others 0.13% Agnostics 0.10% Baháʼís 0.09% Christians 0.01% Jews
Mwenecharu		Moroccan
Mtundu wa Boma		Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy[7]
-	King	Mohammed VI
-	Prime Minister	Aziz Akhannouch
-	Upper house	House of Councillors
-	Lower house	House of Representatives
Establishment
-	Idrisid dynasty	788
-	'Alawi dynasty (current dynasty)	1631
-	Protectorate established	30 March 1912
-	Independence	7 April 1956
Ukulu wa Malo
-	Malo	446,300 km2 or 710,850 km2 (274,460 sq mi)[a] (39th or 57th) 274,460 sq mi or 172,413 [b] sq mi
-	Maji (%)	0.056 (250 km2)
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
-	2022 estimate	37,984,655[8] (39th)
-	2014 census	33,848,242[9]
-	Density	50.0/km2 189.3/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2022 estimate
-	Total	$359.671 billion[10] (55th)
-	Per capita	$9,808[10] (122th)
GDP (nominal)		2022 estimate
-	Total	$142.874 billion[10] (60th)
-	Per capita	$3,896[10] (123th)
Gini (2015)		40.3[11] medium
HDI (2021)		0.683[12] medium ·123th
Ndalama		Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mtundu Wanyengo		(UTC+1[13] UTC+0 (during Ramadan)[14])
Woko la galimoto		right
Intaneti yacharu		.ma المغرب.
Website maroc.ma
a.	^ The area 446,550 km2 (172,410 sq mi) excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km2 (274,460 sq mi) includes the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of Western Sahara (claimed as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the Polisario Front). Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla, making up about 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.

Mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki vyaka vyakujumpha 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ufumu wakwamba wa Morocco ukaŵako mu 788. Kufuma apo, ufumu uwu ukawusika na mafumu ghanandi, ndipo ukafika pachanya chomene mu 11 na 12 C.E., mu nyengo ya Almoravid na Almohad.^[18] Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500 C.E., caru ca Morocco cikasuzgika cifukwa cakuti caru ca Portugal cikapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya caru ici. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Marinid na Saadi ŵakakananga kuwusika na ŵamitundu yinyake, ndipo Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa charu cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chikapona ku muwuso wa Ottoman. Mu 1631, muwuso wa 'Alawi, uwo ukuwusa caru mpaka lero, ukayamba kuwusa ndipo mu vilimika viŵiri vyakulondezgapo, ukakura comene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chifukwa chakuti charu cha Morocco chili pafupi na mulomo wa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhumba kumanya vinandi vya charu ichi. Mu 1912, France na Spain ŵakagaŵa charu ichi mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukira boma la Morocco, ndipo mu 1956, charu ichi chikamba kujiwusa chekha.

Kufuma apo charu cha Morocco chikapokera wanangwa wake, vinthu vikwenda makora yayi. Charu ichi chili na cuma cikuru cacinkhondi pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, ndipo cikuŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu.^[19] Charu cha Morocco chili na boma lachifumu ilo ŵanthu ŵakulikhumba. Boma la Morocco likuwusika na fumu na nduna yikuru, ndipo nyumba ziŵiri za boma ndizo zili na mazaza ghakulongozga.^[20] Themba lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana gha kuwusa na kwendeska malango, comenecomene pa nkhani za ŵasilikari, ndyali za caru cinyake, na za cisopa.

Morocco yikuphalira boma la Sahara kuti ndilo likulamulira chigaŵa cha Western Sahara, ndipo yikucichema kuti Southern Provinces. Mu 1975, Spain wakati wazomera kuti malo agha ghapelekekenge ku Morocco na Mauritania, nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yikamba. Mu 1979, charu cha Mauritania chikapoka malo agha, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira. Mu 1991, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwombera lumoza, kweni nkhani ya muwuso yikaŵa kuti yindamalizgike. Mazuŵa ghano, caru ca Morocco cili na vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ici.

Zina

Zina la ku Morocco lakuti al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah (المملكة المغربية) likung'anamulika kuti 'Ufumu wa Kumadzulo.'

M'mbiri yakale, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā [ar] (المغرب الأقصى, 'Chigaŵa chakutali chomene kumanjiliro gha dazi [kwa Chisilamu]' icho chikung'anamura chigaŵa chakufuma ku Tiaret m'paka ku Atlantic) mwakupambana na vigaŵa vya al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ [ar] (المغرب الأوسط, 'Chigaŵa chapakati cha kumanjiliro gha dazi': Tripoli to Béjaïa) na al-Maghrib al-Adná [ar] (المغرب الأدنى, 'Chigaŵa chakufupi chomene kumanjiliro gha dazi': Alexandria to Tripoli). Charu cha Morocco chikumanyikwaso na mazina ghakupambanapambana agho ghakung'anamura chiharo cha Sharifi cha muwuso wa Alawi, nga ni al-Iyālah ash-Sharīfah (الإيالة الشريفة) panji al-Imbarāṭūriyyah ash-Sharīfah (الإمبراطورية الشريفة).^[21][22]

Lizgu lakuti Morocco lili kufuma ku zina la msumba wa Marrakesh, uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Almoravid, Almohad, na Saadian. Zina lakuti Marrakech likufuma ku lizgu lakuti amur n Yakuš, ilo likung'anamura "chigaŵa, chigaŵa, layizgo, chivikiliro". Lizgu lakuti amur n Ṛebbi, apo Rebbi ni lizgu linyake la Ciuta (lakufuma ku lizgu la Ciarabu lakuti رَبِّي (rabbī) "Fumu yane") likung'anamura "kuvikilirika na Ciuta".^[23]Zina la mazuŵa ghano la Marrakech mu Chiberberi ni Mṛṛakc. Mu Cithuruki, caru ca Morocco cikucemeka Fas, zina ilo lili kufuma ku msumba wakale wa Fes. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Chisilamu, nga umo vikaŵira mu mabuku gha Chiarabu gha ku Eguputo na Middle East pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vindakwane, zina ilo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuyowoya vya Morocco likaŵa Murrakush (مراكش).

Zina ili lichali kugwiliskirika nchito mazuŵa ghano mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Chiperesiya, Chiurdu, na Chipunjabi. Zina lakuti Morocco ilo lili mu Chingelezi, lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti Marruecos ilo lili mu Cisipanishi. Zina la Cisipanishi ili ndilo likapangiska kuti mu chiyowoyero cha ku Tuscany ŵalembe lizgu lakuti Morrocco.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Morocco

Nkhani za mu nyengo yakale

Ptolemy of Mauretania was the last Berber to rule the Kingdom of Mauretania prior to Roman conquest.

Chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Morocco chili na ŵanthu kwamba mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki. Buku linyake likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kale chomene. Mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki, caru ca Maghreb cikaŵa cakupambika comene kuluska umo ciliri mazuŵa ghano. Vyaka vikwi makumi ghaŵiri na viŵiri ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Aterian ŵakalongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Iberomaurusian. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka ku Iberomaurusian "Mechta-Afalou" ŵakayananga na awo ŵakakomeka ku Europe. Chikhalidwe cha Iberomaurusian chinaloŵa m'malo mwa Chikhalidwe cha Beaker ku Morocco.

Ŵasayansi ŵati ŵasanda DNA ya mitochondrial, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber na Saami ŵa ku Scandinavia ŵakukolerana chomene. Ukaboni uwu ukukhozgera fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Franco-Cantabrian kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ŵakasamukira kumpoto kwa Europe.

Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nyengo yakale, Ŵafenikiya ŵakaguguzira kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Morocco mu charu cha Mediterranean, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu. Mogador wakaŵa msumba wa Ŵafenikiya mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E.^[24]

Vinthu vya Ŵaroma ivyo vikaŵa ku Volubilis.

Pamasinda, caru ca Morocco cikazgoka cigaŵa ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Northwest Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Carthage, ndiposo cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Carthage. Ufumu wakwambilira wa ku Morocco uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha ukaŵa wa ku Mauretania, pasi pa Themba Baga. Ufumu wakale uwu (wambura kutimbanizgika na Mauritania) ukaŵa wakutowa mu 225 B.C.E. panji kumasinda. Mu 33 B.C.E., Mauretania wakaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Roma. Themba Claudius likapoka charu cha Mauretania mu 44 C.E., ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ŵaroma icho chikalamuliranga na kazembe wa ufumu.

Mu nyengo ya "masoka gha mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E"., vigaŵa vinyake vya Mauretania vikathereskeka na Ŵaberi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakalamuliranga waka misumba yichoko waka ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, nga ni Septum (Ceuta) mu Mauretania Tingitana na Cherchell mu Mauretania Caesariensis. Mu 429 C.E., apo Ŵandalyos ŵakaparanya chigaŵa ichi, ufumu wa Roma ukataya vinthu ivyo ukaŵa navyo mu Mauretania. Mu ma 530 C.E., Ufumu wa Romu wa kumafumiro gha dazi, uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Byzantium, ukambaso kulamulira msumba wa Septum na wa Tingi.

Maziko ndi nyengo yoyambirira ya Chisilamu

Nkhani ikulu: Idrisid dynasty

Ndalama ya Idrisid mu Fes, 840 AD.

Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kuthereska vyaru vya Maghreb pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ndipo ufumu wa Umayyad ukaŵathereska kukwambilira kwa vyaka ivi. Likawovwira kuti chiyowoyero cha Chiarabic na Chisilamu vifike mu chigaŵa ichi. Nangauli Morocco wakaŵa chigaŵa cha ufumu ukuru wa Chisilamu, kweni pakwamba yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya, ndipo ŵakazembe awo ŵakimikikanga na Kairouan ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu.^[25] Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kusopa chisopa cha Chiisilamu, kweni ŵakasungilira malango ghawo. Kweniso ŵakapelekanga msonkho ku boma liphya la Cisilamu. Ufumu wakwamba wa Chisilamu uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha mu chigaŵa cha Morocco, ukaŵa wa Nekor, uwo ukaŵa mu mapiri gha Rif. Wali kukhazikiskika na Salih I ibn Mansur mu 710, nga ni ufumu wa Umayyad. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaberi mu 739, Ŵaberi ŵakapanga vyaru vinyake vyakujiyimira nga ni Miknasa wa Sijilmasa na Barghawata.

Msumba wa al-Qarawiyyin, uwo ukazengeka mu Fes mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa vyauzimu, wa mabuku, na wa vinjeru.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Idris ibn Abdallah wakachimbilira ku Morocco apo Ŵababasi ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko lake ku Iraq. Wakakhorweska mafuko gha Ŵaberi ŵa ku Awraba kuti ghaleke kugomezgeka ku ŵachihalifa ŵa Abbasid ku Baghdad ndipo wakambiska ufumu wa Idrisid mu 788. Ŵa Idrisidi ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Fes kuŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ndipo Morocco ukazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako Ŵasilamu ndiposo ufumu ukuru wa mu chigaŵa. Mu 927, ufumu wa Fatimid na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa Miknasa ŵakawuskapo ufumu wa Idrisid. Miknasa wakati wapatura ubwezi na Ŵafatemidi mu 932, ŵakathereskeka na Maghrawa wa Sijilmasa mu 980.

Maufumu na mafumu gha Ŵaberi

Nkhani ikulu: Almoravid dynasty, Almohad Caliphate, and Marinid Sultanate

Ufumu wa Almohad ukakura comene mu 1212.

Kwambira mu ma 1100, ufumu unyake wa Ŵaberi ukawuka.^[26][27][28] Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Sanhaja Almoravid na wa Masmuda Almohad, Morocco ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vya Maghreb, al-Andalus, na Western Mediterranean. Kwambira mu ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Banu Hilal ŵakasamukira mu charu ichi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1400, Ŵamarini ŵa ku Berber ku Zenata ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ku Morocco ndipo ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵachitenge nga umo ŵakachitiranga Ŵalmohad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Wattasid ndiwo ŵakaŵalondezga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, nkhondo ya Reconquista yikamara ndipo Ŵasilamu ŵanandi na Ŵayuda ŵakachimbilira ku Morocco.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵalutilire kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Atlantic.

Nyengo yakwambilira

Nkhani ikulu: Saadi Sultanate and 'Alawi dynasty

Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵako apo Fumu Henry the Navigator yikapoka msumba wa Ceuta.

Mu 1549, chigaŵa ichi chikathereskeka na mafumu ghachiarabu agho ghakayowoya kuti ghakafuma kwa ntchimi ya Chisilamu, Muhammad. Ku mpoto kwa Morocco kukaŵa nkhondo ya ku Spain, ndipo ŵabwezi ŵa Ufumu wa Ottoman ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta kumanjiliro gha dazi.

Vyakukhalapo vya Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Badii' ya Saadi Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur ya m'ma 1500

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Saadi, charu ichi chikamara muwuso wa Aviz ku Portugal pa Nkhondo ya Alcácer Quibir mu 1578. Ufumu wa Ahmad al-Mansur ukapangiska kuti ufumu wa Sultanate uŵe na usambazi unandi kweniso uchindami. Mu 1591, ufumu wa Songhay ukathereskeka chomene chifukwa cha ulendo ukuru wa ku Africa. Ndipouli, kukaŵa kwakusuzga comene kuti ŵateŵetere mu vigaŵa vyose vya mu Sahara. Al-Mansur wakati wafwa, caru cikagaŵika pakati pa ŵana ŵake.

Pamanyuma pa kugaŵikana kwa ndyali na kulimbana mu nyengo ya kuchepa kwa muwuso wa Saadi, Morocco wakakoleranaso na Alawi (panji Alaouite) Sultan al-Rashid mu 1660s, uyo wakatora Fez mu 1666 na Marrakesh mu 1668.^{[16]:230[29]:225} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Alawi ŵakakhozga malo ghawo, ndipo nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa ucoko kuluska maufumu ghanyake mu cigaŵa ici, kweni ukaŵa usambazi comene. Pakususkana na mafuko gha ku malo agha, Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672-1727) wakamba kupanga boma limoza. Na gulu lake la Jaysh d'Ahl al-Rif (Riffian Army) wakambaso kuwukira Tanger kufuma ku ŵa ku England awo ŵakaleka msumba uwu mu 1684 na kufumiska ŵa ku Spain mu Larache mu 1689. Mu 1769, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaleka Mazagão, malo ghawo ghaumaliro mu Morocco. Ndipouli, Ŵasipanya ŵakathereska Melilla mu 1775.

Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa caru cakwamba kuzomerezga kuti United States ni caru cakujiyimira mu 1777. Apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku America yikambanga, ŵankhondo ŵa ku Barbary ŵakamba kuwukira sitima za ŵamalonda za ku America. Pa Disembala 20, 1777, Sultan Mohammed III wa ku Morocco wakapharazga kuti ngalaŵa za ŵamalonda za ku America zizamuŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma la Morocco ndipo zizamwenda makora. Phangano la Ubwezi la Morocco na America, ilo likalembeka mu 1786, ndilo ni phangano lakale comene la ubwezi la United States.^[30][31]

French and Spanish protectorates: 1912 to 1956

Nkhani ikulu: French protectorate in Morocco and Spanish Protectorate in Morocco

Phangano la Wad Ras pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Spain na Morocco (1859-1860) likapangiska kuti ndalama za boma la Morocco zileke kugwira ntchito, ndipo Makhzen ŵakakanizgika kutora ngongoli ku Britain.^[32]

Apo caru ca Europe cikamba kupanga vinthu vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura comene vyaru vya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa cifukwa ca umo vikanjiliranga. Mu 1830, caru ca France cikalongora kuti cikukhumba comene Morocco, cifukwa ca mphaka ya caru cake ca Algeria, kweniso cifukwa ca malo agho caru ici cili nagho. Mu 1860, pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya Ceuta. Spain ndiyo yikathereska msumba uwu, ndipo yikapoka msumba unyake wa Ceuta. Mu 1884, Spain wakapanga malo ghakulondezgana na nyanja ku Morocco.^[33]

Mu 1873 mu tawuni ya Tangier mukaŵa Ŵasilamu 40,000, Ŵaciyurope 31,000 na Ŵayuda 15,000.^[34]

Mu 1904, caru ca France na Spain vikagaŵikana malo mu Morocco. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukati wamanya kuti France ndiyo yikulongozga caru ca Germany, ufumu uwu ukacita wofi comene. Nkhani iyi yikamara pa ungano wa ku Algeciras mu 1906. Nkhondo ya ku Agadir iyo yikacitika mu 1911, yikanangiska vinthu pakati pa maboma gha ku Europe. Phangano la Fez ilo likachitika mu 1912, likapangiska kuti Morocco waŵe pasi pa boma la France. Spain wakalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu phangano lenelili, Spain wakajilambika kuti ndiyo wavikilirenge vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sahara.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu Morocco. Ŵanyake ŵakagura malo ghakurughakuru gha vyakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakanozga vyakusungiramo vinthu na kunozga migodi. Magulu agho ghakaŵa na vilato ivi ghakalutilira kukhuŵilizga caru ca France kuti cikhozge mazaza ghake pa Morocco. Mulara wa boma la France, kazembe mukuru Hubert Lyautey, wakatemwanga comene mitheto ya ku Morocco ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti caru cose ciŵe na sukulu za mazuŵa ghano. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco (Goumiers panji ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari) ŵakateŵeteranga mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku France mu Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, kweniso mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain mu Nkhondo ya pa Caru ya ku Spain na pamanyuma pake. Muzga wakamara mu 1925.^[35]

Mapu agho ghakulongora umo charu cha France chikapokelera charu cha Morocco kufuma mu 1907 m'paka 1934

Pakati pa 1921 na 1926, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka mu mapiri gha Rif, ndipo Abd el-Krim ndiyo wakadangiliranga. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakagwiliskira nchito mabomba na gasi kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti charu cha Rif chiŵe na wanangwa. Ŵakaleka ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 13,000 pa nkhondo ya Annual mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1921 pera. Paumaliro, mu 1927, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na Spain ŵakaŵakoma. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain na France ŵakakomeka ŵanthu 52,000 ndipo ŵa ku Riffi 10,000 ŵakafwa.

Mu 1943, chipani cha Istiqlal (Independence Party) chikapangika kuti chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujiyimira pawekha, na wovwiri wa United States. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakagwiliskira nchito mawupu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kutali na vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire kumazga muwuso wa ŵakoloni.^[36] Chipani cha Istiqlal ndicho chikalongozganga gulu ili.

Mu 1953, boma la France likati lafumiska Sultan Mohammed V ku Madagascar na kumupa ufumu Mohammed Ben Aarafa. Nkhaza zikuru comene zikacitikira mu msumba wa Oujda, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku France na ŵa ku Europe. Mu 1955, France likazomerezga kuti Mohammed V wawelere ku Morocco, ndipo chaka chakulondezgapo, ŵakamba kudumbiskana kuti charu cha Morocco chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu Malichi 1956, charu cha Morocco chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, caru ca Spain cikapeleka malo ghake ghakulongozga kumpoto kwa Morocco ku caru ciphya ici, kweni cikalutilira kuŵa na malo ghaŵiri (Ceuta na Melilla) agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Sultan Mohammed wakaŵa fumu mu 1957.

Post-independence

The Proclamation of Independence of Morocco of 1944.

Pa nyifwa ya Mohammed V, Hassan II wakaŵa fumu ya Morocco pa 3 March 1961. Mu 1963, boma la Morocco likachita mavoti ghakwamba. Ndipouli, Hassan wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru ndipo wakalekeska ntchito ya Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 1965. Mu 1971, pakaŵa ciyezgo cakuti ŵathereske fumu na kukhazikiska boma. Komiti ya unenesko iyo yikapangika mu 2005 kuti yamanye umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga pa nyengo iyo wakalamuliranga, yikati pali milandu pafupifupi 10,000, kusazgapo nyifwa mu jele na kusunkhunyika. Ŵanthu 592 ŵakakomeka mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hassan, kuyana na komiti ya unenesko.

Mu 1969, chigaŵa cha Ifni icho chikaŵa kumwera kwa Spain chikawezgeka kwa Morocco. Gulu la Polisario likapangika mu 1973, na cilato ca kuzenga boma lakujiyimira mu Sahara. Pa Novembala 6, 1975, Themba Hassan likapempha ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵambukire ku Sahara. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 ŵakaŵapo pa "Maseŵera Ghakutowa".^[37] Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, caru ca Spain cikazomera kufumamo mu caru ca Spanish Sahara, ico cikeneranga kuzgoka Western Sahara, na kucitolera ku caru ca Morocco na Mauritania, nangauli Algeria yikaŵasuska. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Morocco ŵakanjira mu caru ici.

Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco na Algeria ŵakakumana ku Western Sahara. Morocco na Mauritania ŵakagaŵikana Western Sahara. Nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco na ŵasilikari ŵa Polisario yikalutilira kwa vilimika vinandi. Nkhondo iyo yikatora nyengo yitali yikatimbanizga ndalama za Morocco. Mu 1983, Hassan wakawuskapo mavoti agho ghakeneranga kucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo gha ndyali na suzgo la vya cuma. Mu 1984, Morocco wakafumamo mu wupu wa African Unity pakususkana na umo SADR yikazomerezgekera. Gulu la Polisario likati likakoma ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 5,000 ŵa ku Morocco pakati pa 1982 na 1985.

Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Algeria ŵakuti ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo ŵa ku Sahara ku Algeria nchakukwana 165,000. Mu 1988, boma la Algeria likambaso kukolerana na charu ichi. Mu 1991, wupu wa United Nations ukadumura vyakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwukira caru ca Western Sahara, kweni malo agha ghacali pa ngozi. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, pakaŵa mphindano zinandi pa nkhani ya kufumiska ŵanthu ku malo agha, kweni ŵakaleka yayi.

Mu ma 1990, boma la Morocco likasintha vinthu ndipo mu 1997 likaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri zakulongozga.

Protestors in Casablanca demand that authorities honor their promises of political reform.

Themba Hassan II likafwa mu 1999 ndipo mwana wake, Mohammed VI ndiyo wakatorapo malo ghake. Iyo ni munthu wakusintha vinthu mwamahara, ndipo wacitiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu.^[38]

Mu 2002, Mohammed VI wakaluta ku Western Sahara. Mu 2007, Morocco wakavumbura ndondomeko ya wupu wa United Nations yakupeleka wanangwa ku Western Sahara. Gulu la Polisario likakana ndondomeko iyi ndipo likapeleka fundo yake. Morocco na Polisario ŵakadumbiskana na UN mu msumba wa New York kweni ŵakakolerana yayi. Mu 2010, ŵasilikari ŵakanjira mu msasa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma ku Western Sahara.

Mu 2002, Morocco na Spain ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵepo pa nkhani ya Perejil. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakatora cirwa ico kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukhalamo yayi pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Morocco ŵafika na kuŵika mahema na ndembera. Mu 2005, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumba kuti ŵanjire mu vigaŵa vya Melilla na Ceuta. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakafumiskika ku Morocco. Mu 2006, pulezidenti wa Spain, Zapatero, wakaluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Spain. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wakwamba wa Spain mu vilimika 25 kuti walute ku malo agha. Chaka chakulondezgapo, fumu ya Spain, Juan Carlos I, yikiza ku Ceuta na Melilla, ndipo ichi chikakwiyiska chomene Morocco.

Mu 2011-2012 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalongoreka mu Rabat na mu misumba yinyake kuti ŵapemphe kusintha ndyali na dango liphya ilo lingakanizga mazaza gha fumu. Mu Julayi 2011, Themba likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi pa kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na dango liphya ilo likayowoya kuti liŵawovwire kumazga vivulupi ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo ya Arab Spring. Nangauli Mohammed VI wakachitanga vyakusintha, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. Mu Meyi 2012, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku ungano wa ŵamalonda ku Casablanca. Awo ŵakanjira pa ungano uwu ŵakasuska boma chifukwa cha kutondeka kusintha vinthu.

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Morocco

Toubkal, the highest peak in Northwest Africa, at 4,167 m (13,671 ft)

A section of the Anti-Atlas near Tafraout

An old Atlas cedar tree in the Atlas range

Morocco wali na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic iyo yikuluta ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Spain kumpoto (mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean na mphaka na malo ghatatu gha ku Spain, Ceuta, Melilla, na Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera). Pakuti Morocco ndiyo wakwendeska chigaŵa chikuru cha Western Sahara, mphaka yake ya kumwera yili na Mauritania.

Malire gha charu ichi ghakumanyikwa pa charu chose ghali pakati pa latitude 27° na 36°N, na longitude 1° na 14°W. Para tikusazgako Sahara, Morocco yili pakati pa 21° na 36°N, na 1° na 17°W (Chingwe cha Ras Nouadhibou chili kumwera kwa 21° na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa 17°).^[39]

Charu cha Morocco chili kufuma ku nyanja ya Atlantic m'paka ku mapiri na ku mapopa gha Sahara. Charu cha Morocco chili kumpoto kwa Africa, chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya North Atlantic na Mediterranean Sea, pakati pa Algeria na Western Sahara. Ni cimoza mwa vyaru vitatu (pamoza na Spain na France) ivyo vili na nyanja za Atlantic na Mediterranean.^[39]

Chigaŵa chikuru cha Morocco chili na mapiri. Mapiri gha Atlas ghali pakatikati na kumwera kwa charu ichi. Mapiri gha Rif ghali kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi mba Ŵaberi. Na makilomita 446,550 (172,414 sq mi), Morocco kwambura Western Sahara ni chalo cikuru ca makumi ghankhondi na ghaŵiri na cinayi pa vyaru vyose. Charu cha Algeria chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Morocco, nangauli mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi yili kujara kufuma mu 1994.^[39]

Charu cha Spain icho chili kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, icho chili pafupi na Morocco, chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi pa nyanja ya Meditereniyani: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas, virwa vya Chafarinas, na Perejil. Ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, virwa vya Canary ni vya Spain, apo kumpoto kwa Madeira ni vya Portugal. Kumpoto, Morocco wali na mphaka na Strait of Gibraltar, uko ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa nyanja za Atlantic na Mediterranean.

Mapiri gha Rif ghakutambazga chigaŵa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani kufuma kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi mpaka kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Atlas ghakuthandazga charu ichi kufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi m'paka kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi chili mu mapopa gha Sahara. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa mapiri agha, apo kumwera kuli Western Sahara, malo agho ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na Spain ndipo ghakaŵako mu 1975 (wonani Green March). Morocco wakuti Western Sahara nchigaŵa cake ndipo wakucichema kuti Southern Provinces.

Msumba ukuru wa Morocco ni Rabat, ndipo msumba ukuru chomene ni Casablanca. Mu tawuni zinyake izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000 pa kalembera wa ku Morocco wa mu 2014, mukaŵa Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes, Salé na Tangier.

Morocco wakwimira mu ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 geographical coding standard na chimanyikwiro MA. Kode iyi ndiyo yikapangiska kuti paŵe chigaŵa cha pa Intaneti cha.ma.^[39]

Climate

Köppen climate types in Morocco

Kuyana na malo agho kuli charu ichi, charu cha Morocco chili na vyaru vya "nyengo yakuzizima ya chihanya" (Csa) na "nyengo yakuzizima ya mu mapopa" (BWh).

Mapiri ghapakati na maji ghakuzizima gha ku Canary, agho ghali kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic, ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene pa malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakumera mu Morocco. Mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Morocco, mu nyengo ya chihanya vinthu vikuŵa makora yayi. Nyengo iyi yikuyana waka na ya ku Southern California.

Mu mapiri gha Rif, Middle, na High Atlas, muli nyengo zakupambanapambana: ku Mediterranean mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima yikwenda makora chomene. Mu vidika, dongo lakututuŵa na vula zinandi vikupangiska kuti makuni ghakututuŵa ghaŵeko. Nkhorongo za mabingu zili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rif na Middle Atlas. Ku malo ghapachanya chomene, malo agha ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Alps.

Kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Atlas, kufupi na mphaka ya Algeria, nyengo yikuŵa yakomira comene, ndipo cihanya cikuŵa citali ndiposo cakotcha. Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene kutenthema na kuthukira mu mapiri chifukwa cha chisi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Morocco uko kuli kotcha chomene, kuli mapopa ghanandi gha Sahara, agho ghali na dambo na majalawe.

Mwakupambana na chigaŵa cha Sahara kumwera, vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ni vyakututuŵa comene mu vigaŵa vya pakati na kumpoto kwa caru ici, ndipo ni malo agho kulimilira ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Chifukwa chakuti kumpoto kwa charu ichi kuli nyanja ya Atlantic, chili pafupi na Europe, kweniso kuli mapiri gha Rif na Atlas. Ici cikupangiska Morocco kuŵa caru ca mphambano. Malo gha nkhorongo ghakukwana pafupifupi 12 peresenti ya caru, ndipo malo ghakupwanthira ghakukwana 18 peresenti. Pa caru cose ca Morocco, pafupifupi 5% ya malo agha ghakuseŵereskeka.

Landscape of the Erg Chebbi

Atlas Mountains

Kwambura kupambaniska na vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa caru ici (malo agho ghakaŵa pambere Sahara yindambe na mapopa), caru ca Morocco cili na mtende na malo ghakupambanapambana. Ntheura Morocco wali na malo agha:

• Mediterranean: Chigaŵa ichi chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilimwe chimakhala chotentha kwambiri komanso chouma, kutentha kwake kumakhala pakati pa 29 ° C (84.2 ° F) ndi 32 ° C (89.6 ° F). Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima, ndipo zuŵa lililose ŵakuzizima chomene. Ku chigaŵa ichi kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 600 m'paka 800 m'paka 350 m'paka 500 m'paka kumafumiro gha dazi. Matawuni ghakuzirwa agho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi ni Tanger, Tetouan, Al Hoceima, Nador na Safi.
• Sub-Mediterranean:Likukhwaska misumba iyo yili na malo gha ku Meditereniyani, kweni nyengo zinyake yikukhwaskika na malo ghanyake chifukwa chakuti yili pachanya chomene, panji chifukwa chakuti yili pafupi na Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ntheura pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikukhwaska nyengo.:

• Oceanic: Mu nyengo yakuzizima chomene, mu chigaŵa cha Essaouira, nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana pafupifupi 21 °C. Nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikupambana pakati pa 400 na 700 mm. Matawuni ghakuzirwa agho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi ni Rabat, Casablanca, Kénitra, Salé na Essaouira.

• Continental:Para nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima yikupambana chomene na nyengo yakuzizima, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima yikupambana chomene na nyengo yakuzizima. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, zuŵa lililose kutentha kwake kukufika pa 40 °C (104.0 °F), kweni kanandi kukuŵa pakati pa 32 °C (89.6 °F) na 36 °C (96.8 °F). Ndipouli, para dazi lanjira, nkhongono zikukwera. Kawirikawiri kutentha kwa usiku kumakhala pansi pa 20 ° C (68.0 ° F), ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala kochepa kwambiri monga 10 ° C (50.0 ° F) pakati pa chilimwe. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, mu nyengo ya December na February, nyengo zinyake kuzizipizga kukuchepera. Nyengo zinyake kukuwa chiwuvi. Mwachiyelezgero, mu nyengo ya chiwuvi mu 2005, mu msumba wa Fès mukaŵa chithukivu cha −8 °C. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yili pakati pa 500 na 900 mm. Matawuni ghakuzirwa ni Fès, Meknès, Chefchaouen, Beni-Mellal na Taza.

• Continental: Chigaŵa ichi chili kumpoto na pakati pa charu ndipo nyengo ya chihanya yikotcha chomene. Kweni mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene. Ndipo para mphepo yakuzizima yakufuma kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi yikwiza ku Morocco, kwa mazuŵa ghacoko waka, nyengo zinyake kuzizima kwake kukuchepera -5°C. Kanandi mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chiwuvi chikuru. Vimaji vikulokwa pakati pa 400 na 800 mm. Matawuni ghakuzirwa ni Khenifra, Imilchil, Midelt na Azilal.
• Alpine: Vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mapiri gha Middle Atlas na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha High Atlas. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, m'paka mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yitali, yakuzizima, na ya chiwuvi. Vimaji vikulokwa pakati pa 400 na 1200 mm. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, maji ghakuthukira chomene yayi, ndipo ghakuzizima chomene. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, maji ghakujumpha 8 °C. Ku chigaŵa ichi kuli malo ghanandi ghakuchitira chiŵembu nga ni Oukaimeden na Mischliefen. Matawuni ghakuzirwa ni Ifrane, Azrou na Boulmane.
• Semi-arid: Nyengo iyi yikusangika kumwera kwa caru na ku vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, uko kukulokwa maji ghacoko comene. Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa ivi mukuŵa vyakumera vya ku Meditereniyani, nga ni vula izo zikulokwa kweniso malo agho kuli moto. Mu misumba iyi muli Agadir, Marrakesh, na Oujda. Kumwera kwa Agadir na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Jerada kufupi na mphaka za Algeria, malo ghakomira na gha mu mapopa ghakwamba kuŵa ghakutowa. Chifukwa chakuti charu cha Morocco chili pafupi na mapopa gha Sahara na Nyanja ya North ya Atlantic, pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakuzizima. Ndipouli, nyengo zinyake vinthu ivi vikulutilira yayi kujumpha mazuŵa ghaŵiri panji ghankhondi. Vyaru panji vigaŵa ivyo vikuyana waka na Morocco ni Portugal, Spain, Algeria, na California, ku United States. Ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kuzamuŵakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco. Pakuti charu ichi chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo nyengo yake njakutentha kweniso njakomira, vingapangiska kuti vinthu vyambuke makora. Kuchokera ku 2019 Climate Change Performance Index, Morocco inali yachiwiri pokonzekera pambuyo pa Sweden

.^[40]

Biodiversity

An adult male Barbary macaque carrying his offspring, a behaviour rarely found in other primates.

The Barbary lion

Vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya mu vyaru vya Morocco ni vinandi. Chigaŵa ichi chili mu nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo pali vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. Viyuni vyakupambanapambana vikupambana. Viyuni vya ku Morocco vili na vyamoyo 454, ndipo vinkhondi mwa vyamoyo ivi vikwiza na ŵanthu.^[41]

Nkhalamu za ku Barbary, izo zikupwetekeka chomene mu thengere, zikufuma ku Morocco. Nkhalamu ya Barbary yaumaliro iyo yikaŵa mu thengere yikakomeka mu mapiri gha Atlas mu 1922. Viyuni vinyake viŵiri ivyo vikurya nyama mu kumpoto kwa Africa, ni nkhalamira ya ku Atlas na nyalubwe wa ku Barbary. Viyuni vinyake vya ku West Africa vikaŵa mu mlonga wa Draa m'paka mu ma 1900.^[41]

Nyama ya Barbary macaque, iyo yikukhala ku Morocco na Algeria, nayo yili pafupi kumara cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakumazga malonda ghake, ŵanthu ŵakwenda mu matawuni ghanandi, makuni na malo ghakurughakuru ghakusakazika.^[41]

Kuguliska vinyama na vyakumera kuti viŵe chakurya, vinyama vyakukhala navyo, munkhwala, vinthu vyakukumbukirapo, na vyakujambura vithuzi ni vyakuzara chomene mu Morocco. Kuguliska viŵeto uku kulije malango ndipo kukupangiska kuti vinyama vyamuthengere vichepeko. Chifukwa chakuti kumpoto kwa Morocco kuli kufupi na Europe, vyamoyo nga ni viyuni vya cacti, visomba, vikumba vya vyamoyo vyakukhwaŵa, na viyuni vyakuzirwa chomene (viyuni vya nkhonyo na viyuni vya nkhonyo) vikukoreka mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya charu ichi na kutumizgika ku vyaru vinyake.^[41]

Ku Morocco kuli vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza ivyo vili na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana: vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean conifer na vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean acacia-argania dry forests and succulent thickets, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean dry forests and steppe, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean dry forests and steppe, vyakumera vya mu Mediterranean Mediterranean woodlands and forests, na vyakumera vya ku North Sahara steppe and woodlands. Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa cha 6.74/10, ndipo chili pa malo 66 pa vyaru 172.^[41]

Ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Morocco

The King of Morocco, Mohammed VI.

Ku Morocco kukaŵa muwuso wankhongono chomene kuyana na Democracy Index ya 2014. Lipoti la 2014 la Freedom of the Press likati "Ndilo Lambura Ufulu". Kweni ivi vyasintha, ndipo charu cha Morocco chalembeka kuti ni charu cha "hybrid regime" na Democracy Index kwambira mu 2015; apo lipoti la Freedom of the Press mu 2017 likalutizga kuwona kuti nyuzipepara ya ku Morocco yikalutilira kuŵa "yambura wanangwa", kweni yikati "nkhwa wanangwa yayi" chifukwa cha "Net Freedom" na "Freedom in the World".

Pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu Malichi 1998, boma la wupu wakulongozga likapangika na mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition Abderrahmane Youssoufi ndipo likapangika na nduna izo zikafuma ku vipani vya opposition. Boma la Prime Minister Youssoufi likaŵa boma lakwamba ilo likapangika kufuma ku vyaru vyakwimikana na boma, ndipo likaŵa mwaŵi wakwamba kuti maboma gha Socialists, Center-of-left, na Nationalist ghaŵepo mu boma mpaka mu Okutobala 2002. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu mdauko wa ndyali wa mazuŵa ghano mu vyaru vya Ŵaarabu kuti ŵakususka ŵambe kuwusa. Boma ili likulongozgeka na Aziz Akhannouch.

Ndondomeko ya malango ya Morocco yikulongosora za muwuso wa ufumu uwo uli na Nyumba ya Malamulo na makhoti ghakujiyimira. Mu 2011, Themba la Morocco likalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka, apo nduna yikuru yikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi.^[42][43]

Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti themba liŵe na mazaza ghakupambanapambana. Wakulongozga wupu wa nduna; wakusora nduna yikuru kufuma mu chipani icho capokera vithuzithuzi vinandi pa ma parliamentary election, ndipo pa ulongozgi wa wupu uwu, wakusora mamembala gha boma.

Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 1996 yikatenge themba lingamazga nduna yiliyose, ndipo para lakumana na ŵalongozgi ŵa Nyumba za Ufumu, lingamazga Nyumba ya Malamulo, kulekeska malango gha boma, kuchema ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge mavoti, panji kulamulira na dango. Ici cikacitika mu 1965. Themba ndilo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari.

Legislative branch

The legislature's building in Rabat.

Kufuma waka apo boma likasinthira malango mu 1996, wupu wakulongozga uli na nyumba ziŵiri. Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga ya Morocco (Majlis an-Nuwwâb/Assemblée des Représentants) yili na mamembara 325 agho ghakusankhika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi, 295 ŵakusankhika mu vigaŵa vinandi ndipo 30 mu vyaru vyose. Nyumba ya Malango (Majlis al-Mustasharin) yili na mamembara 270, agho ghakusankhika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri.

Maluso gha Nyumba ya Malamulo, nangauli ghakaŵa ghakukanizgika, ghakathandazgika mu 1992 na 1996 kweniso mu 2011 ndipo ghakusazgapo nkhani za bajeti, kuzomerezga malango, kufumba ma minisitara, na kukhazikiska makomiti gha ad hoc ghakufufuza ivyo boma likucita. Nyumba ya mafumu yingawuskapo boma mwa kususka.

Pa 8 September, 2021 pakachitika chisankho chapulezidenti. Kuvota pa mavoti agha kukaŵa 50.35% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka.

Ŵankhondo

Mohammed VI, a FREMM multipurpose frigate of the Royal Moroccan Navy.

US Marines and Moroccan soldiers during exercise African Lion in Tan-Tan.

Nkhani ikulu: Royal Moroccan Armed Forces

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Morocco lili na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu (Royal Armed Forces). Vinthu vya mukati mwa charu vikuŵa makora, ndipo nkhaza za ndyali zikuchitika viŵi yayi (pakuleka kuphulika kwa bomba ku Casablanca mu 2003 uko kukakoma ŵanthu 45).^[44]

Wupu wa UN uli na ŵalaŵiliri ŵachoko waka mu Western Sahara, uko kuli ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco. Gulu la Saharawi Polisario lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 5,000 mu Western Sahara ndipo likulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Morocco kwambira mu ma 1970.

Foreign relations

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Morocco

Charu cha Morocco chili mu wupu wa United Nations ndipo chili mu wupu wa African Union (AU), Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Movement of Non-Aligned and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN_SAD). Vinthu vikupambana comene pakati pa vyaru vya ku Africa, vyaru vya ku Arab, na vyaru vya ku Western. Morocco wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kuti wasangepo candulo pa vya cuma na ndyali. France na Spain ndiwo ŵakwendera lumoza malonda, kweniso ndiwo ŵali na ngongoli zinandi na ndalama za ku vyaru vinyake mu Morocco. Pa ndalama zose izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu Morocco, ciŵelengero ca caru ca Europe ni 73.5%, apo ca caru ca Arabia ni 19.3%. Vyaru vinandi vya ku Persian Gulf na Maghreb vikunjilirapo comene pa milimo yikuru ya kuzenga mu Morocco.^[45]

Morocco claims sovereignty over Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla.

Morocco yikaŵa chalo cimoza pera cha mu Africa icho cikaŵa ciŵaro ca African Union yayi cifukwa ca kufumamo kwake pa 12 Novembala 1984 cifukwa ca kupokelereka kwa Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic mu 1982 na African Union (iyo yikacemekanga Organisation of African Unity) nga ni ciŵaro cakufikapo kwambura kunozga referendum ya kujisankhirathu mu chigaŵa ca Western Sahara. Morocco wakawelera ku AU pa 30 January 2017.^[46][47] Mu Ogasiti 2021, charu cha Algeria chikadumura ubwezi wake na Morocco.

Mu 2002, pakaŵa mphindano na Spain pa cirwa cicoko ca Perejil. Vyaru ivi vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani ndipo vili kuzingilizgika na Morocco.

Boma la George W. Bush likapa Morocco udindo wa kuŵa mubwezi wake wa pa caru cose. Boma la Bush mu 2004. Charu cha Morocco ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzomerezga muwuso wa United States (mu 1777).

Charu cha Morocco chili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera comene ku vyaru vyapafupi.

Western Sahara status

Nkhani ikulu: Legal status of Western Sahara

Morocco annexed Western Sahara in 1975. The Polisario Front control the territory east of the Moroccan berm (wall).

Chifukwa cha nkhondo ya ku Western Sahara, malo gha Saguia el-Hamra na Río de Oro ghakukayikira. Nkhondo ya ku Western Sahara yikapangiska kuti gulu la Polisario, gulu lakuwukira boma la Sahara, limaranenge na Morocco na Mauritania pakati pa 1976 na 1991. Wupu wa United Nations, MINURSO, uli na mulimo wa kunozga referendum ya usange malo agha ghaŵe ghakujiyimira payekha panji kughawona kuŵa chigaŵa cha Morocco.

Chigaŵa chinyake cha chigaŵa ichi, ni malo ghambura ŵanthu ndipo Polisario Front ndiyo yikuwusa. Malo ghake ghakulongozgera ghali ku Tindouf, Algeria. Kuzakafika mu 2006, pakaŵavya boma la UN ilo likazomera kuti Morocco ndiyo yili na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Western Sahara. Mu 2020, United States pasi pa muwuso wa Trump yikaŵa chalo chakwambilira cha ku Western icho chikakhozgera mazaza gha Morocco pa chigaŵa cha Western Sahara, pa phangano lakuti Morocco yikambeso kukolerana na Israel.

Mu 2006, boma la Morocco likasachizga kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga, kwizira mu wupu wa Royal Advisory Council for Sahara Affairs (CORCAS). Ntchito iyi yikapelekeka ku wupu wa United Nations Security Council pakati pa Epulero 2007. Ŵabwezi ŵa Morocco nga ni United States, France, na Spain ŵakakondwa comene na fundo iyi. Wupu wakuvikilira wamuchema vyaru kuti viyambiske kudumbiskana mwakudunjika na kwambura fundo kuti vifike pa nthowa yakuzomerezgana.^[48]

Administrative divisions

The administrative regions of Morocco

Morocco wali kugaŵika vigaŵa 12, ndipo vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 62 na vigaŵa 13.^[49]

Regions

1. Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
2. Oriental
3. Fès-Meknès
4. Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
5. Béni Mellal-Khénifra
6. Casablanca-Settat
7. Marrakesh-Safi
8. Drâa-Tafilalet
9. Souss-Massa
10. Guelmim-Oued Noun
11. Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra
12. Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab

Human rights

Wonaniso: Human rights in Morocco and LGBT rights in Morocco

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 m'paka m'ma 1980, mu muwuso wa Hassan II, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni comene mu Africa na caru cose. Boma likakanizganga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ivyo boma likusankha, ndipo likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu wose mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hassan II, m'paka apo likamalira mu 1990. Vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga ŵanyawo vikachemekanga kuti "Vyaka vya Plomb" (Les Années de Plomb). Kuti ŵamanye uheni uwo ukacitikanga mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Themba Hassan II (1961-1999), boma la Themba Mohammed likakhazikiska Komiti ya Mtende na Kuphemana.^[50][51]

Kuyana na lipoti lapachaka la Human Rights Watch mu 2016, boma la Morocco likakanizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya vyamtende, kuwungana na kuwungana kwizira mu malango ghanandi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakulutilira kweruzga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma panji themba (panji banja lacifumu). Kweniso pali maukaboni ghakukhwaskana na nkhaza izo zikucitikira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti caru ca Sahara ciŵe cakukolerana na boma kweniso awo ŵakukolerana na gulu la Polisario ku Western Sahara. Morocco wakususkika kuti wakusunga ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti Sahara yikhale yekha nga ni ŵakayidi ŵa njuŵi.

Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha kweniso kugonana pambere munthu wandatorane ni kwaukazuzi mu Morocco, ndipo munthu wangakakika kwa myezi 6 m'paka vyaka vitatu. Ntchakuzomerezgeka yayi kusopa chisopa chinyake padera pa Chisilamu (Ndime 220 ya Dango la Maroko), ndipo mulandu uwu ukulangika na jele vyaka 15. Kucitira nkhaza ŵanakazi na kuŵatimbanizga vya kugonana kwaŵa mulandu. Ŵangaŵa na cilango ca mwezi umoza mpaka vilimika vinkhondi, kweniso ndalama zakukwana madola 200 mpaka 1,000.

Mu Meyi 2020, ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakakhala mu Spain chifukwa cha suzgo la COVID-19. Boma la Spain likati likudumbiskana na boma la Morocco vya kuwezga ŵantchito awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake mu caru cawo kwizira mu "ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa ŵanthu".^[52]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Morocco

Boulevard des FAR (Forces Armées Royales)

Chuma cha Morocco chikuwoneka kuti ntchawanangwa ndipo chikulongozgeka na dango la kupempha na kupeleka. Kwambira mu 1993, caru ici cikulondezga ndondomeko ya kusaska vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma. Charu cha Morocco chazgoka chigaŵa chikuru mu vyakusanguluska vya mu Africa, ndipo ni caru ca nambara 5 mu vyakusanguluska vya mu Africa. Charu cha Morocco ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba mu Africa kuŵa na umoyo uwemi kuyana na Economist Intelligence Unit.^[53] However, in the years since that first-place ranking was given, Morocco has slipped into fourth place behind Egypt.

Map of Morocco's exports as of 2017

Boma likasintha vinthu ndipo kufuma mu 2000 m'paka mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu charu ichi chikakwera chomene pa chaka. Pa chaka cha 2012, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayowoyerathu kuti caru ca Morocco cizamukulirako na 4%, ndipo mu 2013 cizamukulirako na 4.2%.

Vigaŵa vya uteŵeti vikupanga pafupifupi hafu ya GDP, ndipo vigaŵa vya migodi, vyakuzenga, na vyakupangira, vikupanga vigaŵa vinyake vinayi. Vigaŵa ivyo vikakura comene ni vyakusanguluska, vyamafoni, vyakupangapanga, na vyakuvwara.

Tourism

Nkhani ikulu: Tourism in Morocco

The Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakech.

Ulendo ni cimoza mwa vyaru vyakuzirwa comene mu caru ca Morocco. Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwendakwenda awo ŵakutemwa chomene vyakumera, mitheto, na mbiri ya charu ichi. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 13 miliyoni ŵakiza ku Morocco. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ku Morocco kuŵe ndalama zinandi. Boma la Morocco likuŵika ndalama zinandi pa vyaulendo, mu 2010 boma likamba ntchito ya Vision 2020 iyo yikukhumba kuti Morocco yiŵe yimoza mwa vyalo 20 vyakwendakwenda chomene pa charu chose na kusazgirako kaŵiri chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza kufuma ku vyaru vyakupambanapambana kufika pa 20 miliyoni kufika mu 2020, na chigomezgo kuti pa nyengo iyo, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakwendakwenda chizamukwera kufika pa 20% ya GDP.

Maboma ghakupharazga kuti charu cha Morocco ntchiwemi kukendera, kweni ntchiwemi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta ku Morocco mba ku Europe, ndipo pafupifupi 20% ya awo ŵakuluta ku Morocco mba ku France. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakuluta ku charu ichi mu Epulero na Ogasiti.^[54] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha chifukwa cha malo agho ghalipo. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Morocco cili pafupi na Spain, ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku virwa vya kumwera kwa Spain ŵakuluta ku caru ici kwa zuŵa limoza panji ghatatu.

Kufuma waka apo maulendo gha ndege ghakambira pakati pa Morocco na Algeria, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵakuluta ku Morocco kukagura vinthu na kukawona ŵabali na ŵabwezi ŵawo. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa dirhamu na kukwera kwa mitengo ya mahotelo ku Spain, malo agha ghalije ndalama zinandi. Morocco wali na misewu yiwemi chomene na njanji izo zikovwira kuti misumba yikuru na malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona vyalo viŵe na virwa. Makampani gha ndege ghakurughakuru ghakupeleka ndege zakudura ku charu ichi.

View of the medina (old city) of Fes.

Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku Morocco nga ni misumba yakale. Makampani ghakwendakwenda ghakugwiliskira nchito malo ghakale gha ku Morocco agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, Ŵaroma, na Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga. Agadir ni malo ghakurughakuru agho ŵanthu ŵakugona usiku. Ku malo agha ndiko ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukawona mapiri gha Atlas. Malo ghanyake ghakucezgera agho ghali kumpoto kwa Morocco ngakumanyikwa comene.

Casablanca ni dowoko likuru la maulendo gha mu nyanja mu Morocco, ndipo lili na msika wakunozgekera makora wa ŵalendo mu Morocco. Munda wa Majorelle uwo uli ku Marrakech ndiwo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukawona. Mu 1980, Yves Saint-Laurent na Pierre Bergé ŵakagura. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhozga chomene msumba uwu kuti uŵe wakutowa ku ŵalendo.

Kufumira mu 2006, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda mu mapiri gha Atlas na Rif ndigho ghakwendakwenda mwaluŵiro comene mu Morocco. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakwenda na kwenda kufuma kuumaliro wa Malichi m'paka pakati pa Novembala. Boma likuŵika ndalama zinandi pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakwenda. Kweniso ŵakucita vyakusanguluska mu mapopa kuti ŵacimbanenge na vyaru vya ku Tunisia.^[55]

Agriculture

Nkhani ikulu: Agriculture in Morocco

Page 'Agriculture in Morocco' not found

Infrastructure

Al Boraq RGV2N2 high-speed trainset at Tanger Ville railway station in November 2018

Kuyana na lipoti la Global Competitiveness Report la 2019, Morocco wali pa nambara 32 pa caru cose pa nkhani ya misewu, nambara 16 pa nyanja, nambara 45 pa mlengalenga na nambara 64 pa njanji. Ici cikupangiska Morocco kuŵa pa malo ghapacanya comene pa vyaru vya mu Africa.

Boma likuŵika mtima comene pa kupanga vinthu vyamahara, nga ni madoko, viŵanja vya ndege, na njanji. Kuti boma la Morocco lipulikiske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhumba, likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 15 biliyoni kufuma mu 2010 m'paka mu 2015 pakunozga vinthu vya mu charu ichi.

Morocco wali na misewu yiwemi comene pa caru cose. Mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, boma la Japan lazenga misewu ya makilomita pafupifupi 1,770 iyo yikukolerana na misumba yikuruyikuru. Unduna wa Vyakovwira Ŵanthu ku Morocco, wa Vyakwendeskera Vinthu, na Maji, ukukhumba kuzengaso misewu yinyake ya makilomita 3380 na misewu yinyake ya makilomita 2100 m'paka mu 2030, pa mtengo wa madola mabiliyoni 9.6. Ntchito iyi yikovwira kuti vigaŵa vya kumwera, chomenechomene misumba ya Laayoune na Dakhla, viŵe paubwezi na vigaŵa vinyake vya Morocco.

Mu 2014, Morocco wakamba kuzenga njanji yakwamba ya mu Africa iyo yikudumura tawuni ya Tangiers na Casablanca. Wakajulika mu 2018 na fumu pamanyuma pakunozga na kuzenga kwa vyaka 10 na kampani ya sitima ya ONCF. Ni cigaŵa cakwamba ca cigaŵa ca sitima ya pa liŵiro likuru mu Morocco. Pasono ŵakunozgekera kusazgirako msewu uwu m'paka ku Marrakesh.

Kweniso ku Morocco kuli dowoko likuru comene mu Africa na Mediterranean lakucemeka Tanger-Med, ilo lili pa nambara 18 pa caru cose na katundu wakukwana makontena ghakujumpha 9 miliyoni. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha Tangiers Free Economic Zone, ndipo ni malo ghakwendeskera vinthu ku Africa na vyaru vinyake.^[56]

Energy

Nkhani ikulu: Energy in Morocco

Solar cell panels in eastern Morocco

Mu 2008, mafuta ghakukwana 56% gha magesi gha ku Morocco ghakafuma ku malasha. Ndipouli, pakuti vyaru vya Morocco vikukhumba nkhongono zinandi pa chaka kufuma mu 2012 m'paka 2050, dango liphya likukhozga ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi kuti ŵapenje nthowa zakupambanapambana zakupangira nkhongono. Boma la Morocco layambiska mulimo wa kuzenga malo ghakupangira magesi ghakufuma ku nkhongono za dazi.^[57]

Morocco wamba kuzenga mapulagi ghakurughakuru gha magesi gha dazi kuti ghaleke kugwiliskira nchito mafuta ghakusunkhunyika, kweniso kuti ghapeleke magesi ku Europe.

Pa 17 April, 2022, Rabat- wupu wa Morocco wakuwona vya nkhongono ya dazi (Masen) na unduna wa vya nkhongono na chitukuko chakukhazikika ukati wazakambiska chigaŵa chakwamba cha projekiti yikuru ya Nor II, iyo ni projekiti ya nkhongono ya dazi ya malo ghanandi na nkhongono yakujumpha 400 megawatts (MN).

Narcotics

Munda wa cannabis pa phiri la Ketama Tidighine, Morocco

Kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima munkhwala wa cannabis mu chigaŵa cha Rif. Mu 2004, kuyana na lipoti la UN World Drugs Report, kulima na kusinthiska cannabis kukaŵa 0.57% ya GDP ya Morocco mu 2002. Kuyana na lipoti la Unduna wa Vyamukati mwa France la mu 2006, 80% ya thovu la cannabis (hashish) ilo likugwiliskirika nchito mu Europe likufuma ku chigaŵa cha Rif ku Morocco, uko kuli mapiri ghanandi kumpoto kwa Morocco, kweniso malo ghakutowa comene agho ghakuthandazgikira kufuma ku mlonga wa Melwiyya na Ras Kebdana kumafumiro gha dazi mpaka ku Tanger na Cape Spartel kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweniso chigaŵa ichi chili kufuma ku nyanja ya Mediterranean kumwera, uko kuli Mlonga wa Wergha. Kweniso, Morocco ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda kufuma ku South America kuluta ku Western Europe.^[58]

Water supply and sanitation

Nkhani ikulu: Water supply and sanitation in Morocco

Mu Morocco, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito maofesi ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo makampani ghapachanya gha mu tawuni yikuru ya Casablanca, Rabat, na misumba yinyake yiŵiri. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukupeleka maji ghanandi ku mawupu agho ghakuzunurika, ukupeleka maji mu matawuni ghachoko waka pafupifupi 500, kweniso ukupeleka maji ghakwenda makora mu matawuni 60.

Mu vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha, vinthu vyasintha comene pa nkhani ya maji na malo ghakutowa. Vyakusuzga vinyake ni vyakuti maji ghakwenda makora yayi (pa maji ghakwenda makora 13 peresenti pera), nyumba zikwenda makora yayi mu vikaya vikavu chomene, kweniso vyakumera vikwenda makora yayi (20 peresenti ya vyakumera vikwenda makora yayi). Mu 2005, ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe pulogiramu ya kuzenga maji ghakwenda makora mu misumba iyo yikukhumba kumazga maji ghakubinkha 60 pa 100 gha mu misumba yose. Nkhani ya kusoŵa maji ku ŵanthu ŵakavu mu matawuni yikuyowoyeka mu ndondomeko ya National Human Development Initiative, iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghambura kuzengeka makora ŵapokere katundu wa malo na kulekerathu kulipira ndalama izo ŵakupeleka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakupeleka maji.

Sayansi na tekinoloji

Nkhani ikulu: Science and technology in Morocco

Boma la Morocco likuchita vinthu vinyake kuti lisambizge makora ŵanthu na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵasambirenge makora. Mu Meyi 2009, nduna yikuru ya Morocco, Abbas El Fassi, yikapharazga vya wovwiri ukuru ku sayansi pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research. Cilato cake cikaŵa cakuti maunivesite ghaŵe na wanangwa ukuru wa kusama ku boma mwakuti ghapulikiske makora ivyo vikukhumbikwa pakucita kafukufuku ndiposo kuti ghaŵe na mwaŵi wakukhozga ubwezi wawo na wupu wa ŵekha. Iyo wakapharazga kuti ndalama zakugwilira nchito mu sayansi na vyakupangapanga zizamukulirakulira kufuma pa 620,000 USD mu 2008 kufika pa 8.5 million USD (69 million Moroccan dirhams) mu 2009, mwakuti zakovwire kunozga na kuzenga ma laboratories, masukulu ghakusambizga ŵasayansi mu vya ndalama, pulogiramu ya masambiro gha masambiro gha ku yunivesite na vyakukhuŵirizga mabungwe agho ghakukhumba kupeleka ndalama zakugwilira nchito, nga nkhuŵapa mwaŵi wa kusanga ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito pakupanga vinthu viphya. Dziko la Morocco lili pa nambala 77 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kuchokera pa 74 mu 2019.^{[59][60][61][62]}

Ndondomeko ya ku Morocco ya Kupanga Vinthu Viphya yikambiskika pa ungano wakwamba wa ku Morocco uwo ukacitika mu Juni 2009. Ndondomeko ya Maroko ya Kupanga Vinthu Viphya yikayowoya kuti mu 2014, paŵe mapatenti 1,000 gha ku Morocco na kupanga makampani ghaphya gha 200. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakapempha mapatenti 197, apo vyaka viŵiri kumasinda ŵakaŵa 152. Mu 2011, Unduna wa vya Makampani, Malonda na Maluso Ghaphya ukayambiska gulu la ku Morocco la Kupanga Vinthu Viphya, mwakukolerana na ofesi ya ku Morocco yakuwona vya malonda. Fundo iyi njakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita vinthu vyakupambanapambana, kusazgapo ŵasayansi, ŵamalonda, ŵana ŵa sukulu, na ŵasambizgi, ŵawovwirepo pakupanga mapulojekiti ghaphya.

Unduna wa vya Masambiro ghapacanya na Kupenjerezga vya Sayansi ukuwovwira kafukufuku wa vyakupangapanga vyapacanya na kuzenga matawuni ghaphya gha Fez, Rabat na Marrakesh. Boma likuciska maboma kuti ghacitenge vinthu viphya pamoza na ŵanthu. Chiyelezgero chimoza ni Ofesi ya ku Morocco yakuwona vya Phosphate (Office chérifien des phosphates), iyo yikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana DH 4.7 biliyoni (pafupifupi USD 479 miliyoni) pa mulimo wakuzenga msumba wa King Mohammed VI Green City, kuzingilizga Yunivesite ya Mohammed VI iyo yili pakati pa Casablanca na Marrakesh.^[63][64]

Mu 2015, ku Morocco kukaŵa mapariki ghatatu. Kufuma waka apo paki yakwamba yikambira ku Rabat mu 2005, paki yachiŵiri yikambira ku Casablanca, ndipo mu 2015, paki yachitatu yikambira ku Tanger. Mu malo agha, mukuŵa makampani ghaphya na ghachoko na gha pakati, agho ghakusanga nchito mu vyakupanga vinthu vya pa Intaneti (ICT), vyakupanga vinthu vyamahara (green technologies) na vyakusanguluska.

Mu 2012, wupu wa Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology ukawona vigaŵa vinandi ivyo Morocco wali na mwaŵi wa kupambanako na vyaru vinyake kweniso ŵanthu awo ŵali na maluso, kusazgapo migodi, somba, vyakurya na vyakupangapanga. Kweniso likulongosora vyaru vinyake ivyo ni vyakuzirwa, nga ni vyamagetsi, ndipo vikovwira chomene vyamagetsi nga ni photovoltaic, thermal solar energy, mphepo na biomass.

Pa Meyi 20, 2015, pati pajumpha chaka chimoza kufuma apo likambira ntchito yake, Wupu Wakulongozga pa Nkhani za Masambiro, Kusambizga na Kupenjerezga vya Sayansi ukapeleka lipoti kwa themba. Lipoti ili likati masambiro ghaŵe ghakuyana waka, mwakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasambirenge. Pakuti kuwongolera masambiro kukwendera lumoza na kukhozga kafukufuku na vyakupangiska vinthu, lipoti ili likayowoyeraso kuti paŵe ndondomeko yikuru yakupanga vinthu vyakupangiska vinthu viphya mu vyaru vyose.^[63]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Morocco and Moroccans

Populations (in thousands)

Chaka	Ŵanthu	kukula kwa pachaka.
1950	8,986	—
1960	12,329	+3.21%
1970	16,040	+2.67%
1980	20,072	+2.27%
1990	24,950	+2.20%
2000	28,951	+1.50%
2010	32,108	+1.04%
2020	35,952	+1.14%
Source: [65]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵalipo 37,076,584 (2021 est.). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵalipo 44% m'paka 67%. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Ŵaharati na Ŵanawa (panji Gnaoua), awo ŵali kufuma ku ŵazga ŵa ku West Africa, kweniso Ŵamorisco, Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakachimbizgika ku Spain na Portugal mu ma 1700. Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb.

Kuyana na kalembera wa ŵanthu wa mu 2014, mu Morocco mukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 84,000 awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku France, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Algeria. Paliso ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbana ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵakugwira nchito ku makampani gha ku Europe. Pambere Maroko wandaŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici. Kweniso pambere charu cha Morocco chindapoke wanangwa wake, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu 250,000 ŵa ku Spain. Ŵayuda awo ŵakakhalanga ku Morocco ŵakukwana 265,000 mu 1948, kweni sono ŵakukwana 2,500.

Morocco yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵali ku France. Kweniso ku Spain kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco (ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000), Netherlands (360,000), na Belgium (300,000). Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Italy, Canada, United States, na Israel, uko Ŵayuda ŵa ku Morocco ndiwo ni fuko laciŵiri likuru comene.^[66]

Religion

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Morocco

Mu 2010, bungwe la Pew Forum likati visopa vyose mu charu ichi ni vya Chisilamu ndipo visopa vyose ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi ni vya Chisilamu. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Ciisilamu, pafupifupi wose Mbakhristu ŵa chisopa ca Sunni, ndipo Ŵasilamu ŵa Cihiya ŵalipo 0.1%. Ndipouli, ŵanthu pafupifupi 15 pa 100 awo ŵakafumbika ŵakajiwonanga kuti Mbakhristu yayi. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu chaka cha 2021 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 67.8% ŵa ku Morocco ŵakaŵa na chisopa, 29.1% ŵakaŵa na chisopa, ndipo 3.1% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa. Kafukufuku uyo Gallup International wakachita mu 2015, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 93% ku Morocco ŵakujiwona kuti ŵakusopa.^[67]

The interior of a mosque in Fes

Pambere Maroko wandaŵe na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000 ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain na France). Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵakaluta ku Spain panji France mu 1956. Ŵakhristu awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene Ŵakatolika na Ŵaprotesitanti, ŵalipo pafupifupi 40,000. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakukhala mu matawuni gha Casablanca, Tangier, na Rabat. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa Chikhristu ŵakuyowoya kuti pakati pa 2005 na 2010 pakaŵa Ŵakhristu 5,000 awo ŵakang'anamukira ku Chikhristu. Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa Cikhristu ŵakuwona kuti mu caru cose muli Ŵakhristu pafupifupi 8,000, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuwungana mwakukhazikika yayi cifukwa ca kopa boma na kutambuzgika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco awo ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵakusopa mwakubisilizga) ŵalipo pakati pa 8,000 na 50,000.^{[68][69][70][71][72][73]}

Ŵayuda ŵa ku Casablanca ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 2,500, ndipo ŵa ku Rabat na Marrakesh ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 100. Ŵayuda awo ŵakakhalako ŵakambininikira mu caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici mbacekuru, ndipo ciŵelengero ca ŵawukirano cikumara. Ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í, awo ŵakukhala mu misumba, ŵalipo 350 m'paka 400.^[74][75][76]

Languages

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Morocco

Linguistic map of Morocco

Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Morocco ni Chiarabic na Chiberberber. Chiyowoyero cha ku Morocco icho chikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi chikuchemeka Darija. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 89.8% ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu. Chiyowoyero ichi chili na viyowoyero vitatu (Tarifit, Tashelhit, na Central Atlas Tamazight). Mu 2008, Frédéric Deroche wakati ŵanthu 12 miliyoni ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberi. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu 2004, ŵanthu 28.1% ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberi.

Chifalansa chikugwiliskirika ntchito chomene mu maboma, mu vyakupharazga, mu makampani ghakuru na gha pakati, mu malonda gha pa charu chose na vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chifalansa. Cifurenci cikusambizgika nga ni ciyowoyero cakukhumbikwa mu masukulu ghose. Mu 2010, ku Morocco kukaŵa ŵanthu 10,366,000 awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci, panji kuti 32 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose.^[77][5]

Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2004, ŵanthu 2.19 miliyoni ku Morocco ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero chinyake padera pa Chifurenchi. Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi cikuluska comene Cifurenci pa nkhani ya ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici, kweni cikuŵa ciyowoyero cacilendo cakwamba, cifukwa ici nchakukhumbikwa comene ku ŵawukirano na ŵantchito.

Kuyana na Ethnologue, mu 2016, ŵanthu 1,536,590 (panji kuti pafupifupi 4.5% ya ŵanthu) mu Morocco ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi kumpoto kwa Morocco na mu caru ico kale cikacemekanga Sahara. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2018 na Instituto Cervantes wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 1.7 miliyoni ŵa ku Morocco ŵakayowoyanga makora Cisipanishi. Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto kwa Morocco chikupokera mawayilesi gha Cisipanishi, mawayilesi gha pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi.

Nkhwantha za visopa zikati zawona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi na Chiarabu, ŵakamba kusopa mu viyowoyero vinyake.^[78]

Education

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Morocco

Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane.

Masambiro gha ku Morocco ngambura kulipira ndipo ngakukhumbikwa m'paka ku pulayimale. Mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikaŵa 72%. Mu Seputembala 2006, UNESCO yikapeleka chawanangwa ku Morocco pamoza na vyaru vinyake nga ni Cuba, Pakistan, India na Turkey.^[79]

UIS Literacy Rate Morocco population above 15 years of age 1980–2015

Yunivesite ya al-Qarawiyin, iyo yikazengeka na Fatima al-Fihri mu msumba wa Fez mu 859 nga ni madrasa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyiwona kuti ni "yunivesite yakale chomene pa charu chose". Morocco nayo yili na masukulu gha masambiro ghapachanya, nga ni: Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, l'Institut national des postes et télécommunications [fr; ar], École Nationale Supérieure d'Électricité et de Mecanique (ENSEM), EMI, ISCAE, INSEA, National School of Mineral Industry, École Hassania des Travaux Publics, Les Écoles nationales de commerce et de management, École supérieure de technologie de Casablanca.^[80][81]

Health

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Morocco

Vyaru vinandi vya pa caru capasi, kusazgapo Morocco, vikuyezgayezga kumazga matenda. Umoyo wa ŵana, wa ŵamama, na matenda ni vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo. Morocco ni caru cakusuzgikira nchito ico cacitapo vinandi kuti viŵe makora. Ndipouli, caru ca Morocco cili na masuzgo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umoyo. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka, mu 2005, ŵanthu 16 pera pa ŵanthu 100 wose ŵa ku Morocco ŵakaŵa na ndopa. Ku Morocco, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa para ŵababa waka.^[82]

Boma la Morocco likuŵika ndondomeko ya kulaŵilira umoyo wa ŵanthu kuti liwonenge na kuwunganya vinthu. Masukulu gha ku Morocco ghakusambizga ŵanthu mwakukwana vya utozi. Mu 2005, boma la Morocco likazomerezga kusintha vinthu viŵiri kuti paŵe wovwiri wa munkhwala. Ndondomeko yakwamba yikaŵa yakuti ŵapharazgi ŵa boma na ŵantchito ŵa boma ŵaŵikengepo inshuwalansi ya munkhwala. Ndondomeko yaciŵiri yikapangiska kuti paŵe thumba la wovwiri ku ŵakavu. Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵapokerenge wovwiri wa munkhwala uwemi. Kufwa kwa ŵana kwachepa comene kwambira mu 1960 apo ŵanthu 144 ŵakafwanga pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo. Mu 2000, ŵanthu 42 ŵakafwanga pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa na nthenda iyi chikakhira na 60 peresenti pakati pa 1990 na 2011.^[82]

Wupu wa World Bank ukati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca matenda agha. Mu 2014, charu cha Morocco chikapanga pulani yakovwira kuti ŵamama na ŵana ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Ndondomeko ya ku Morocco yikamba pa 13 November 2013 ku Rabat na nduna ya vyaumoyo ya ku Morocco, El Houssaine Louardi, na Ala Alwan, mulara wa WHO ku Eastern Mediterranean Region. Morocco wachita vinandi comene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska nyifwa ya ŵana na ya ŵamama. Kuyana na ivyo Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoya, chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa chikakhira na 67% pakati pa 1990 na 2010. Mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 5.9% ya GDP. Kwambira mu 2014, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa nkhani ya vyaumoyo zachepa. Ndipouli, kufuma mu 2000, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa vya umoyo zakwera comene. Mu 2015, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa $435.29 pa munthu yumoza. Mu 2016, ŵanthu 74.3 ŵakafwanga, ŵanalume 73.3, ŵanakazi 75.4, ndipo pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 6.3, ŵantchito ŵa munesi na ŵasungwana 8.9. Mu 2017, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa pa nambara 16 pa vyaru 29 pa Global Youth Wellbeing Index. Ŵawukirano ŵa ku Morocco ŵakujipweteka ŵekha pachokopachoko kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose, ndipo ŵakukumana na masuzgo pafupifupi 4 pa caka.^[82]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Morocco

Kasbah wa ku Aït Benhaddou, uyo wakazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.

Morocco ni caru ca mitheto na civilisation. Mu mdauko wa Morocco, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku mafumiro gha dazi (Ŵafoinike, Ŵayuda na Ŵaarabu), kumwera (Ŵafrika ŵa ku Sub-Sahara) na kumpoto (Ŵaroma, Ŵandaluzi). Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakakhwaska comene umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco.

Kufuma waka apo charu chikapokera wanangwa, vyakujambula na vyakuŵaja, sumu zakutchuka, vyakusanguluska, na mafilimu vikukura comene. Malo ghakusungirako vyakusanguluska gha ku Morocco (ghakaŵako mu 1956) ghakusungirako vyakusanguluska vya ku Morocco na France. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, mu caru cose mukucitika viphikiro vya sumu na vyakusanguluska.

Cigaŵa cilicose cili na mikhaliro yake, ntheura cikovwira kuti cikaya cawo ciŵe cakutowa ndiposo kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Chinyake mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa chomene ivyo Morocco wakuchita nkhusungilira vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vili mu caru ici.

Kuyana na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu, caru ca Morocco cikuŵa cakukhorweska comene pakusazgapo cikaya cake ca Ciberber, Ciyuda, na Cirabu na vinthu vinyake nga ni Cifurenci na Cisipanishi, kweniso mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na America.^[83][84][85]

Architecture

Nkhani ikulu: Moroccan architecture

Page 'Moroccan architecture' not found

Literature

Nkhani ikulu: Moroccan literature

Leo Africanus

Mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakulembeka chomene mu Chiarabic, Chiberber, Chihebere, na Chifurenchi. Makamaka mu ufumu wa Almoravid na Almohad, mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakaŵa ghakukolerana na mabuku gha ku Al-Andalus, ndipo ghakaŵa na vilembo vyakuzirwa nga zajal, muwashshah, na maqama. Mabuku gha Chisilamu nga ni Koran na mabuku ghanyake gha chisopa nga ni Al-Shifa gha Qadi Ayyad ghakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Yunivesite ya al-Qarawiyyin ku Fes yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa ghakusambizgirako mabuku agho ghakakopanga ŵasambizgi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni Maimonides, Ibn al-Khatib, na Ibn Khaldun.^[86]

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Almohad, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa cakutowa comene. Ŵa Almohad ŵakazenga Mosque wa Kutubiyya ku Marrakesh, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25,000, kweni ukaŵa wakumanyikwa na mabuku, mipukutu, malaibulale, na mashopu gha mabuku. Caliph Abu Yakub wakatemwanga comene mabuku. Wakazenga layibulare yikuru, iyo pamanyuma yikatolekera ku Casbah na kuzgoka layibulare ya ŵanthu wose.

Mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakamba mu ma 1930. Pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikawovwira kuti mabuku gha mazuŵa ghano ghaŵeko mu Morocco. Ku Morocco, uko kukaŵa boma la France na Spain, ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵa ku Morocco ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kusinthana na kupanga mabuku. Miwiro yitatu ya ŵalembi yikapangiska mabuku gha ku Morocco gha m'ma 1900.^[86] Cakwamba cikaŵa muwiro uwo ukakhalako na kulemba mu nyengo ya muwuso wa boma la Britain (Protectorate) (1912-1956), ndipo munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo wakawovwira ni Mohammed Ben Brahim (1897-1955).

Mbadwo wachiŵiri ndiwo ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene pakusintha kuti uŵe wakujiyimira pawekha pamoza na ŵalembi nga ni Abdelkrim Ghallab (1919~2006), Allal al-Fassi (1910~1974) na Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi (1900~1963). Muwiro wacitatu ni wa ŵalembi ŵa m'ma 1960. Kufuma apo, mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakaŵa na ŵalembi nga ni Mohamed Choukri, Driss Chraïbi, Mohamed Zafzaf na Driss El Khouri. Awo ŵakalemba mabuku agha ndiwo ŵakakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco awo ŵakalembanga mabuku, ŵamasalmo, na ŵalembi ŵa maseŵero.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, caru ca Morocco cikaŵa malo ghakubisamamo na ghakusanguluskira ndipo cikakopanga ŵalembi nga ni Paul Bowles, Tennessee Williams na William S. Burroughs. Mabuku gha ku Morocco ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru nga ni Mohamed Zafzaf na Mohamed Choukri, awo ŵakalembanga mu Chiarabu, kweniso Driss Chraïbi na Tahar Ben Jelloun awo ŵakalembanga mu Chifurenchi. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku Morocco ni Abdellatif Laabi, Abdelkrim Ghallab, Fouad Laroui, Mohammed Berrada na Leila Abouzeid. Orature (mabuku ghakulembeka na mulomo) ntchigaŵa chakukhumbikwa chomene mu mitheto ya ku Morocco.

Music

Nkhani ikulu: Music of Morocco

Sumu za ku Morocco zikufuma ku vigaŵa vya ku Arabia, Berber, na ku sub-Saharan. Magulu gha chaabi agho ghakukolerana na sumu za rock ghali palipose, nga umo viliri na sumu za trance izo zili kufuma ku sumu za Cisilamu.

Ku Morocco ndiko kuli sumu za ku Andalusia izo zikusangika mu vyaru vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa. Vikuwoneka kuti sumu iyi yikamba kulizgika na Ŵamor ku Cordoba. Sumu iyi yikumanyikwa kuti Contemporary Andalusian Music and art.

A group of Jilala musicians in 1900

Aita ni sumu ya Ŵabedouin iyo ŵakwimba mu mizi.

Chaabi ("popular") ni sumu iyo yili na mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo yili kufuma ku mitundu yakupambanapambana ya sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco. Pakwamba, Chaabi ŵakamwimbanga mu misika, kweni sono ŵakumuwonaso pa viphikiro panji pa maungano.

Vyakwimba vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vikuŵa vyakumanyikwa comene mu Morocco, nga ni fusion, rock, country, metal, na hip hop.

Mu 1980, charu cha Morocco chikapokelera sumu za Eurovision Song Contest.

Media

Nkhani ikulu: Media of Morocco and Cinema of Morocco

Sinema ya ku Morocco yili na mdauko utali comene, ndipo yikwamba mu vyaka vyakujumpha 100 kufuma apo Louis Lumière wakawoneskera filimu ya Le chevrier Marocain ("Mucemi wa mbuzi wa ku Morocco") mu 1897. Pakati pa nyengo iyi na 1944, mafilimu ghanandi gha ku vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa mu charu ichi, comenecomene mu Ouarzazate. Mu 1944, wupu wakuwona vya mafilimu wa ku Morocco (Moroccan Cinematographic Center, CCM) ndiwo ukambiska filimu iyi. Kweniso ŵakajura mastudio mu Rabat.

Mu 1952, Othello wa Orson Welles wakatora Palme d'Or pa Cannes Film Festival pasi pa ndembera ya Morocco. Ndipouli, ŵakwimba ŵakayimba yayi sumu ya fuko la Morocco, cifukwa pakaŵavya uyo wakamanya umo yikuzunulikira.^[87] Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, Mohammed Ousfour wakalenga filimu yakwamba ya ku Morocco, Le fils maudit ("Mwana Wakutembeka").

Mu 1968, ŵakacitiska ungano wakwamba wa Mediterranean Film Festival mu Tanger. Pa nyengo yasono, ungano uwu ukuchitikira ku Tetouan. Mu 1982, ŵakachitaso chiphikiro chakwamba cha mafilimu ku Rabat. Mu 2001, Chiphikiro chakwamba cha Mafilimu ku Marrakech (FIFM) chikachitikaso ku Marrakech.

Cuisine

Nkhani ikulu: Moroccan cuisine

Moroccan Couscous.

Vyakurya vya ku Morocco ni vyakupambanapambana chomene pa charu chose. Ici nchifukwa cakuti caru ca Morocco cikukolerana na caru cinyake. Vyakurya vya ku Morocco vikusazga vyakurya vya ku Moorish, Europe, na Mediterranean.

Vyakununkhira vikusangika chomene mu vyakurya vya ku Morocco. Nangauli vyakununkhira vikwiza mu Morocco kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni viŵiya vinandi nga ni safuroni wakufuma ku Tiliouine, minthi na maolive ghakufuma ku Meknes, na malalanje na mandimu ghakufuma ku Fez, vikufuma mu charu ichi. Nkhuku ni nyama iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya mu Morocco. Mu Morocco, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya nyama ya ng'ombe. Cakurya cikuru comene ca ku Morocco ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya ni couscous, cakurya cakuzirwa comene.^[88]

Nyama ya ng'ombe ni nyama yakufipirwa iyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya mu Morocco. Nkhuku nayo yikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu Tagines, pakumanya kuti yimoza mwa tagines yakumanyikwa comene ni Tagine ya Nkhuku, mbatata na maolive. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakurya mberere, kweni pakuti mberere za ku Northwest Africa zikusunga mafuta ghanandi mu michira yawo, mberere za ku Morocco zikunowa yayi nga umo ziliri mberere za ku Western. Viyuni navyo vikusangika comene, ndipo vyakurya vya mu nyanja vikusangika comene mu vyakurya vya ku Morocco. Kweniso pali nyama zakomira zakomira na zakomira nga ni kliia/khlia na "g'did" izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakunozga tagine panji mu "el ghraif" panji kuti "el ghraif", cikhuku ca ku Morocco.

Vyakurya vinyake vya ku Morocco ni Couscous, Pastilla, Tajine, Tanjia, na Harira. Nangauli cakumanyuma ici ni supu, kweni cikuwoneka nga ni cakurya cacekha ndipo cikupelekeka nga ni cakurya ici panji pamoza na vikondwelero, comenecomene mu mwezi wa Ramadan. Kulyera nyama ya nkhumba nkhukanizgika mwakuyana na Sharia, malango gha cisopa ca Cisilamu.

Cakurya cikuru comene pa zuŵa ni cingwa. Mu Morocco, chingwa chikupangika na tirigu wakuchemeka khobz. Mu Morocco mose muli vyakurya vinandi, ndipo chingwa chiphya ni chakukhumbikwa chomene mu msumba uliwose. Chakurya icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene ni chingwa cha tirigu panji cha ufu. Paliso vingwa vinyake vyambura nthukumusi.

Cakunwa ico cikumanyikwa comene ni "atai", tiyi wambura nthukumusi uwo uli na mahamba gha minthi na vinyake. Mu Morocco, tiyi njakuzirwa comene ndipo yikuwoneka nga ni luso. Ŵakumwapo pa nyengo ya cakurya pera yayi, kweni zuŵa lose. Ŵalendo ndiwo ŵakurya, ndipo ntchiheni kukana.

Maseŵera

Nkhani ikulu: Sport in Morocco

Moroccan football fans

Mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola, comenecomene ŵawukirano awo ŵakukhala mu misumba. Mu 1986, Morocco yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca Ŵaarabu na ca ku Africa kuti ciŵe mu cigaŵa caciŵiri ca FIFA World Cup. Pakwamba Morocco ndiyo yikeneranga kuchitiska Africa Cup of Nations mu 2015, kweni yikakana pa nyengo iyo yikanozgekera chifukwa cha wofi kuti ku Africa kukwambirenge nthenda ya Ebola.^[89]Morocco wakayezgapo kankhondi kuti wakachitire FIFA World Cup kweni wakataya kankhondi ku United States, France, Germany, South Africa na Canada-Mexico-United States. Mu chaka cha 2022, Morocco ndiyo yikaŵa timu yakwamba ya ku Africa na Arabia kufika ku semifinal ndipo yikamalizga pa malo ghachinayi.^[90]

Pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Morocco ŵakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha kucimbira. Nawal El Moutawakel wakathereska pa 400 metres hurdles. Wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kufuma ku chalo cha Arab panji Islamic uyo wakatora mendulo ya golide ku Olimpiki. Saïd Aïdouita ndiyo wakathereska pa mtunda wa mamita 5000 pa maseŵero agha. Hicham El Guerrouj wakatora mendulo za golide kwa Morocco pa maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha mu chihanya cha 2004 pa mamita 1500 na 5000 ndipo wali na ma world records ghanandi pa mtunda wa kilomita.

Maseŵero gha ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera mu Morocco ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu awo ŵakwera pa mahachi, m'paka apo maseŵero gha ku Europe nga ni bola, polo, kuskamba, na tenisi ghakambira mu ma 1800. Tennis na gofu vyazara comene. Ŵaseŵero ŵanandi ŵa ku Morocco ŵali kucitako maseŵero gha pa caru cose, ndipo caru ici cikaŵa na timu yake yakwamba ya Davis Cup mu 1999. Charu cha Morocco chikaŵa cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pakwamba kuchita maseŵero gha basketball. Mpira wa rugby ukiza ku Morocco mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, comenecomene na Ŵacifurenci awo ŵakakhalira mu caru ici. Ntheura, maseŵera gha rugby gha ku Morocco ghakakolerana na gha ku France pa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vinandi vya ku Maghreb, mpira wa rugby wa ku Morocco ukafumanga ku vyaru vya ku Europe.

Ku Morocco, maseŵero gha nkhonya ghakumanyikwa chomene. Badr Hari wa ku Morocco-Dutch, heavyweight kickboxer and martial artist, ndi wakale wa K-1 heavyweight champion ndipo K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist.

Wonaniso

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• Index of Morocco-related articles
• Outline of Morocco

Vyakulemba

1. Solve the status issue under the leadership of United Nations' MINURSO^[1]
2. Solve the status issue under the leadership of United Nations' MINURSO^[2]
3. Solve the status issue under the leadership of United Nations' MINURSO^[3]
4. French language in Morocco is also used in official government documents and by the business community, although it has no official status: "French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)..."^[4][5]
5. Arabic: المغرب, romanized: al-maḡrib, lit. 'the place where the sun sets; the west'; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, romanized: lmeɣrib; French: Maroc, IPA: [maʁɔk].
6. Arabic: المملكة المغربية, romanized: al-mamlaka al-maḡribiyya, lit. 'the Western kingdom'; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, romanized: tageldit n lmeɣrib; French: Royaume du Maroc.

Ukaboni

Citations

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Sources

•  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030​, 431–467, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.

Vyakulemba vinyake

• Pennell, C. R. Morocco Since 1830: A History, New York University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780814766774
• Pennell, C. R. Morocco: From Empire to Independence, Oneworld Publications, 2013. ISBN 9781780744551 (preview)
• Stenner, David. Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State (Stanford UP, 2019). online review
• Terrasse, Henri. History of Morocco, Éd. Atlantides, 1952.

In French

• Bernard Lugan, Histoire du Maroc, Éd. Perrin, 2000. ISBN 2-262-01644-5
• Michel Abitbol, Histoire du Maroc, Éd. Perrin, 2009. ISBN 9782262023881

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

• Official website of the government of Morocco
• Official bulletins of the government of Morocco
• Parliament of Morocco
• Official website of the Moroccan National Tourist Office
• population.pdf Census results of 1994 and 2004 Archived 24 Julayi 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• Morocco. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Morocco web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• Morocco at Curlie
• Morocco profile from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Morocco
• Key Development Forecasts for Morocco from International Futures
• EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Morocco Archived 11 Sekutembala 2015 at the Wayback Machine
• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Morocco

Template:Morocco topics

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