Ufumu wa Roma
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Ufumu wa Roma (Latin: Imperium Romanum [ɪmˈpɛri.ũː roːˈmaːnũː]; Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν ??ωμαίων, translit. Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) yikaŵa nyengo ya ku Roma. Mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵa kufupi na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani ku Europe, North Africa, na Western Asia. Kufuma apo Kesare Augusto wakambira kuwusa mu ufumu wa Romu m'paka apo ufumu wa Romu ukambira kulamulira mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., msumba uwu ukaŵa wa Italy. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mafumu ghanandi ghakawusanga Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Msumba wa Roma ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi m'paka mu 476 C.E. apo ŵasilikari ŵakatumizga vimanyikwiro vya ufumu ku Constantinople. Chikhristu chikati chazomerezgeka kuŵa tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Roma mu 380 C.E. ndipo Ufumu wa Roma wa Kumanjiliro gha dazi ukathereskeka na mathemba gha ku Germany, vikaŵa nga ni para nyengo yakale yili kumara ndipo nyengo ya ku Middle Ages yikamba. Chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika, kweniso chifukwa chakuti Ufumu wa Romu wa kumafumiro gha dazi ukazgoka wa Ŵagiriki, ŵanthu ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuyowoya kuti Ufumu wa Romu uwo ukakhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi ukaŵa wa Byzantine.
Nkhani iyi yikukhumbikwira kusazgilamo vinyake kuti ikule. This article needs to be revised. |
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Roman Empire
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The Roman Empire from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire
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Pasono | Empire | |||||
Msumba Waboma |
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Chiyowoyelo chaboma | Chilatini | |||||
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu | {{{ethnic_groups}}} | |||||
Vipembezo |
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Mwenecharu | Roman | |||||
Mtundu wa Boma | Semi-elective absolute monarchy (de facto) | |||||
Ndalama | sestertius,[lower-alpha 3] aureus, solidus, nomisma |
Ufumu wa Romu, uwo ukaŵa panthazi pa ufumu uwu, ukasuzgika chomene chifukwa cha nkhondo za pawenenawene na viwawa vya ndyali. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., Julius Caesar wakimikika kuŵa dictator perpetuo ("munthu wakulamulira kwamuyirayira"), ndipo pamanyuma wakakomeka mu 44 B.C.E. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikalutilira, ndipo paumaliro Octavian wakathereska Mark Antony na Cleopatra pa Nkhondo ya Actium mu 31 BC. Chaka chakulondezgapo, Octavian wakathereska ufumu wa Ptolemaic ku Egypt, ndipo nyengo ya Hellenistic yikamara. Octavian wakaŵaso na mazaza pa ŵanthu wose, ndipo wupu wa ku Rome ukamupa mazaza ghose na zina lakuti Augusto. Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya Romu vikaŵa vyakupambanapambana.
Mu vyaka 200 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wa Ŵaroma, vinthu vikaŵa makora chomene. "Mtende wa Ŵaroma"). Mu nyengo ya Trajan (mu 98-117 C.E.), ufumu wa Roma ukafika pa malo ghakuru chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., Ufumu wa Roma ukakumana na suzgo likuru chomene, chifukwa Ufumu wa Gallic na Palmyrene ukafumako ku ufumu wa Roma. Mu nyengo ya Aurelian (r. 270–275). Kuti wamazge suzgo ili, Diocletian wakimika makhoti ghaŵiri gha ufumu mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Greece na cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Latin mu 286; Ŵakhristu ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. pamanyuma pa dango la ku Milan mu 313. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na Ŵahuni ŵa ku Attila ŵakamba kugaluka. Apo msumba wa Ravenna ukathereskeka na Ŵageremani ŵa Herulian kweniso apo Odoacer wakathereska Romulus Augustus mu 476 C.E., Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa. Ufumu wa ku mpoto wa Ŵaroma ukakhalako vyaka vinandi m'paka apo msumba wa Constantinople ukagolera mu 1453 na Ŵaturuki ŵa Ottoman.
Chifukwa chakuti Ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa ukuru chomene kweniso ukakhala nyengo yitali, vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga mu ufumu uwu vikakhwaska chomene chiyowoyero, chisopa, luso, maofesi, mabuku, vinjeru vya ŵanthu, malango, na maboma. Chilatini icho Ŵaroma ŵakayowoyanga ndicho chikazgoka viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale na mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Roma ukati wamba kugomezga Cikristu, pakaŵa cisopa cautesi. Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki ŵakakhwaska comene luso lwa ku Italy. Maluso gha ku Roma ghakaŵa ghakovwira chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga nyumba za Ŵaroma, Renaissance, na Neoclassical. Ku Europe, sayansi ya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma (iyo yikapangiska sayansi ya Chisilamu) yikambaso. Dango la Ŵaroma lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali kulondezga malango gha mazuŵa ghano, nga ni Dango la Napoleon ku France, apo boma la Romu lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kulondezga malango agha.