Somalia
charu cha ufumu mu Afilika / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Somalia,[lower-alpha 2] mwaboma, Charu cha Somalia[11] (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Arabic: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية), ni chalo icho chili ku Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha Ethiopia kumanjiliro gha dazi, Djibouti kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Gulf of Aden kumpoto, Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi, na Kenya kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu cha Somalia chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja utali comene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose vya mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na mapiri ghatali, vipalamba, na mapiri.[1] Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa mphepo zakotcha, ndipo vula zikulokwa mwambura kwenelera. Ku Somalia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 17.1 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Mogadishu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kumwera. Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Somalia ni Chisomali na Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici Mbacisilamu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbacisilamu.[12]
Charu cha Wupu wa Somalia Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya (Somali) جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية (Arabic) Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah |
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Nyimbo: Qolobaa Calankeed علم أي امة "Every nation has its own flag" |
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██ Territory controlled
██ Territory claimed but not controlled (Somaliland)
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Msumba Waboma kweneso Msumba Usani | Mogadishu | |||||
Chiyowoyelo chaboma | Somali, Arabic[1] | |||||
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2021) |
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Vipembezo | Sunni Islam (official)[1] | |||||
Mwenecharu | Somali[1] | |||||
Mtundu wa Boma | Federal presidential constitutional republic | |||||
- | President | Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | ||||
- | Prime Minister | Hamza Abdi Barre | ||||
- | House Speaker | Aden Madobe | ||||
- | Upper house | Senate | ||||
- | Lower house | House of the People | ||||
Independence from Italy and the United Kingdom | ||||||
- | British Somaliland | 1887 | ||||
- | Italian Somaliland | 1889 | ||||
- | Independence and union with the State of Somaliland | 1 July 1960 | ||||
- | Admitted to the United Nations | 20 September 1960 | ||||
- | Current constitution | 1 August 2012 | ||||
Ukulu wa Malo | ||||||
- | Malo | 637,657[1] km2 (43rd) 246,200 sq mi |
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Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu | ||||||
- | 2023 estimate | 12,693,796[2] (78th) | ||||
- | Density | 27.2[3]/km2 (199th) 41.73/sq mi |
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GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate | |||||
- | Total | US$20.641 billion (155th) | ||||
- | Per capita | US$1,322[4] (222nd) | ||||
GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate | |||||
- | Total | US$7.62 billion[5] (184th) | ||||
- | Per capita | US$544[6] (211th) | ||||
HDI (2021) | 0.361[lower-alpha 1] low ·192nd |
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Ndalama | Somali shilling (SOS ) |
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Mtundu Wanyengo | EAT (UTC+3) | |||||
Kalembelo kasiku | dd/mm/yyyy | |||||
Woko la galimoto | right | |||||
Intaneti yacharu | .so |
In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center.[13][14] It is among the most probable locations of the ancient Land of Punt.[15][16] Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha ku Somalia ghakaŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha mu chigaŵa ichi, nga ni Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, na Geledi Sultanate.[17]
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mafumu gha ku Somalia nga ni Isaaq Sultanate na Majeerteen Sultanate ghakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Italy na Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska vyaru ivi, ndipo ŵakaviŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pa nyengo iyi, mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu, Ŵaderivi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ŵakalimbana na Abyssinia, Italian Somaliland, na British Somaliland kwa vyaka 20. Ŵataliya ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi, kumafumiro gha dazi, pakati, na kumwera, ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Majeerteen na Hobyo. Mu 1960, vigaŵa viŵiri ivi vikakolerana na kuzgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Somalia.[18]
Siad Barre wa Supreme Revolutionary Council wakatora mazaza mu 1969 ndipo wakambiska boma la Somali Democratic Republic, ndipo wakayezga kukanizga nkhondo ya kujithemba ya Somaliland kumpoto kwa chalo. SRC yikamara mu 1991, apo Nkhondo ya ku Somalia yikambanga. Charu cha Somaliland chikulutilira kulamulira kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia. Kufuma mu nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinandi vikamba kulondezga malango gha mu charu na chisopa. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, maboma ghakupambanapambana ghakapangika. Boma la Transitional National Government (TNG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2000, ndipo boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2004.[1][19]
Mu 2006, na wovwiri wa boma la Ethiopia, boma la TFG likapoka mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa charu kufuma ku Islamic Courts Union (ICU). Gulu la ICU pamasinda likapambana mu magulu ghakuru, kusazgapo ma jihadists al-Shabaab, agho ghakarwa nkhondo na TFG na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa AMISOM kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa chigaŵa. Kuzakafika pakatikati pa 2012, ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakataya vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵakathereska, ndipo ŵakamba kupenja malo ghakukhazikika gha demokilase. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵachali na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha pakati na kumwera, ndipo ŵakulongozga mu vigaŵa ivyo boma likuwusa, ndipo msumba wa Jilib ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia.[20][21] Mu Ogasiti 2012, boma la Somalia likapanga dango liphya lakwamba. Mu mwezi wenewura, boma la Somalia likapangika ndipo nyengo yakuzengaso yikamba mu Mogadishu, nangauli al-Shabaab kanandi waka wakawukiranga ŵanthu.
Charu cha Somalia chili na GDP yichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chili mu gulu la vyaru vyakutalulira. Mu 2019, charu cha Somalia chikaŵa na chiŵelengero chichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi, ŵanthu 69 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu. Kufika mu 2020, chalo cha Somalia chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika. Boma ili lili na chuma chakuthupi yayi, ndipo likuthemba chomene pa viŵeto, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, kweniso pa nkhani ya kutumirana mameseji. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, na Organization of Islamic Cooperation.[22]