Chad

Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the country. For the given name, see Chad (name). For other uses, see Chad (disambiguation).

Chad (/tʃæd/ (pulikizgani machemelo)),^{[lower-alpha 1]} mwalamulo Charu cha Chad,^{[lower-alpha 2]} ni charu icho chili pa mphambano ya kumpoto na pakati pa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Libya kumpoto, Sudan kumafumiro gha dazi, Central African Republic kumwera, Cameroon kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Nigeria kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Niger kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chadi chili na ŵanthu 16 miliyoni, ndipo 1.6 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa N'Djamena.

Charu cha Chad جمهورية تشاد (Arabic) République du Tchad (French)
Mbendela Coat of arms
Chiluso:  "Unité, Travail, Progrès" (French) الاتحاد، العمل، التقدم (Arabic) "Unity, Work, Progress"
Nyimbo:  "La Tchadienne" (French) نشيد تشاد الوطني (Arabic) "The Song of Chad"
Location of Chad
Msumba Waboma kweneso Msumba Usani		N'Djamena
Chiyowoyelo chaboma		Arabic French
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2009 Census[1])		26.6% Sara 12.9% Arab 8.5% Kanembu 7.2% Masalit 6.9% Toubou 4.8% Masa 3.7% Bidiyo 3.7% Bulala 3.0% Maba 2.6% Daju 2.5% Mundang 2.4% Gabri 2.4% Zaghawa 2.1% Fula 2.0% Tupuri 1.6% Tama 1.4% Karo 1.3% Bagirmi 1.0% Masmaje 2.6% Other Chadian 0.7% Foreign
Vipembezo		55.1% Islam 41.1% Christianity 2.4% No religion 1.3% Animism 0.1% Others
Mwenecharu		Chadian
Mtundu wa Boma		Unitary republic under a hereditary military dictatorship[2]
-	Transitional President	Mahamat Déby
-	Prime Minister	Saleh Kebzabo
-	Vice President	Djimadoum Tiraina
Independence from France
-	Colony established	5 September 1900
-	Autonomy granted	28 November 1958
-	Sovereign state	11 August 1960
Ukulu wa Malo
-	Malo	1,284,000 km2[3] (20th) 495,755 sq mi
-	Maji (%)	1.9
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
-	2023 estimate	18,523,165[4] (66th)
-	Density	8.6/km2 22.3/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2023 estimate
-	Total	$32.062 billion[5] (147th)
-	Per capita	$1,789[5] (179th)
GDP (nominal)		2023 estimate
-	Total	$13.523 billion[5] (145th)
-	Per capita	$755[5] (183rd)
Gini (2018)		37.5[6] medium
HDI (2021)		0.394[7] low ·190th
Ndalama		Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Mtundu Wanyengo		WAT (UTC+1)
Woko la galimoto		right
Intaneti yacharu		.td

Chadi wali na vigaŵa vinandi: kumpoto kuli mapopa, pakati pa chigaŵa ichi pali Sahelian belt, ndipo kumwera kuli savana ya ku Sudan. Nyanja ya Chad, iyo ni zina la caru ici, ndiyo ni malo ghaciŵiri ghakuru comene mu Africa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Chiarabic na Chifurenchi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 200. Chisopa cha Chisilamu (55.1%) na Chikhristu (41.1%) ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Chad.^[8][9]

Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu Chadi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., maufumu ghanandi ghakawuka na kuwa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad. Mu 1920, caru ca France cikathereska caru ici na kuciŵika mu cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Mu 1960, charu cha Chad chikamba kujiwusa chekha mwakulongozgeka na François Tombalbaye. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo wakacita ku mpoto kwa caru ca Muslim, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya cikaya mu 1965. Mu 1979, ŵakugaluka ŵakathereska msumba uwu na kumazga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵakarwanga lumoza m'paka Hissène Habré wakatonda ŵalwani ŵake. Nkhondo ya Chadian-Libya yikamba mu 1978 cifukwa ca nkhondo ya ku Libya iyo yikamara mu 1987 na nkhondo ya ku France (Operation Épervier). Mu 1990, Hissène Habré wakathereskeka na mulara wake Idriss Déby. Na wovwiri wa ku France, mu 1991 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad likamba kunozgekaso. Kwambira mu 2003, suzgo la ku Darfur mu Sudan likasazgikira pa mphaka ndipo likapangiska kuti caru cileke kukhazikika. Charu ichi chikaŵa kale mukavu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵakwaniske kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad.

Nangauli magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakakolerana na wupu wakulongozga mu Chad, wupu wa National Assembly, kweni mazaza ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Patriotic Salvation Movement mu nyengo ya Idriss Déby, uyo boma lake likalongosoreka kuti ndakuzomerezgeka.^[10][11][12] Panyuma pakuti President Déby wakomeka na ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT mu April 2021, wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo ukalongozgeka na mwana wake Mahamat Déby ukamba kuwusa boma na kuswa wupu wa Assembly.^[13] Chadi wakulutilira kusuzgika na vivulupi vya ndyali ndiposo kuyezga kupoka boma.

Chadi yili pa malo gha chiŵiri pa malo ghachoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu, na 0.394 mu 2021 ndipo yili pa malo gha 190. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbakavu ndipo ŵalimi. Kwambira mu 2003, mafuta ghakununkhira ndigho ghakovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyakurya. Chadi yili na mbiri yiheni pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nga nkhujalirika mu jele mwakuyana na khumbo lawo, kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Chad

Mbili yakwambilila

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Chad, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga chomene. Vinyake mwa malo ghakuzirwa comene gha ku Africa agho ŵanthu ŵakusanda vinthu vyakale ŵakughasanga ku Chad, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti.^[14][15]

Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Kanem-Bu. Ufumu wa Kanem-Bornu ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa caru cose ico lero ni Chad.

Kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 2,000, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakutemwa kulima. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako ni awo ŵakamanyikwanga na vimanyikwiro vya ku Sao. Ufumu wa Sao ukathereskeka na Ufumu wa Kanem, uwo ukaŵa wakwamba na wakukhalilira nyengo yitali chomene pa maufumu agho ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1500 C.E., mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa maufumu ghanyake ghaŵiri, la Bagirmi na Wadai. Kanem na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kujumpha mu Sahara. Vyaru ivi, ivyo vikaŵa vya Cisilamu, vikatemwanga yayi kumwera kwa caru ici. Ku Kanem, pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵazga.^[16][17][18]

French colonial period (1900–1960)

Mu 1900, boma la France likapangiska kuti charu cha Chad chiŵe na ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika mu 1920, caru ca France cikaŵa kuti capokera mazaza ghose gha caru ici ndipo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Boma la France likaŵa na fundo zakovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na umoza yayi kweniso likasintha viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na maboma ghanyake gha France.^[19]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakawonanga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira ntchito na makuni gha makuni gha makuni. Boma la ku Chad likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko comene ndipo likathembanga waka ŵantchito ŵa boma la France. Malo gha Sara agho ghakaŵa kumwera pera ndigho ghakalongozgekanga makora. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yikakhwaskika cifukwa ca kuleka kupulikira.^[15][19]

Msilikari wa ku Chad uyo wakarwa nkhondo ya Free France pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Gulu la Free French Forces likaŵa na ŵasilikari 15,000 ŵakufuma ku Chad.^[20]

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, caru ca France cikapeleka wanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici wa kusankha ŵimiliri mu Nyumba ya Malango ya caru ici. Chipani chikuru chomene cha ndyali chikaŵa cha Chadian Progressive Party (French), icho chikaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi. Tchad yikapokera wanangwa wake pa 11 Ogasiti 1960 ndipo mulongozgi wa PPT, François Tombalbaye, wa fuko la Sara, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba.^[15][21][22]

Ulamulilo wa Tombalbaye (1960-1979)

Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Tombalbaye wakazomerezga yayi vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na chipani chimoza. Muwuso wa Tombalbaye uwo ukaŵa wankhongono comene na kuwusa uheni, vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko. Mu 1965, Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na gulu la National Liberation Front of Chad (French: Front de libération nationale du Tchad, FRONILAT), ŵakamba nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Mu 1975, Tombalbaye wakathereskeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuwukira boma. Mu 1979, gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likalongozgekanga na Hissène Habré likapoka msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo boma lose likamara. Magulu gha nkhondo, ghanandi mwa agha ghakafuma ku kumpoto, ghakakwesananga mazaza.^[23][24]

Nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Chad (1979-1987)

Kupatukana kwa Chad kukapangiska kuti caru ca France cileke kuŵa na nkhongono. Libiya likagwiranga nchito iyi na kunjilirapo pa nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ca Chad. Nkhondo ya ku Libya yikamalira pa ngozi mu 1987; pulezidenti uyo wakakhozgeka na France, Hissène Habré, wakawovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu Chadi kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana, ndipo wakachimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Libya mu Chadi.^[25]

Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)

Habré wakalutilira kulamulira mwauryarya ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Pulezidenti wakatemwanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubou ndipo wakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zaghawa. Mulara wake wa ŵasilikari, Idriss Déby, wakamuwuskapo mu 1990. Mu 2005, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake ku Senegal cifukwa ca kuyezga kumususka. Mu Meyi 2016, wakasangika na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukaka ŵanthu, kugwiliska nchito za uzga, na kukanizga kukoma ŵanthu 40,000, ndipo wakalangika kukhala mu jele umoyo wake wose.^[26]

Déby lineage & democracy with second Civil War (1990–present)

Nangauli pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweniso nkhondo ya pawenenawene, kweni Idriss Déby wakalutilira kuwusa Chad kwambira mu 1990 m'paka apo wakafwira mu 2021.

Déby wakayezga kuwezgerapo mtende pakati pa magulu gha ŵakugaluka na kuwezgeraso vyaru vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakazomerezga dango liphya la boma, ndipo mu 1996, Déby wakathereska mwambura kusuzgika. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi, wakimikikaso. Mu 2003, ku Chad kukamba kunozga mafuta, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti charu ichi chiŵenge na mtende na usambazi. M'malo mwake, mphindano zikakura, ndipo nkhondo yiphya yikamba. Déby wakasintha malango gha boma kuti waleke kuŵa pulezidenti kwa nyengo ziŵiri.^[27]

Mu 2006, Déby wakathereskeka kacitatu pa mavoti agho ŵakususka boma ŵakacita yayi. Nkhaza za mafuko mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chadi zazara comene; wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) wacenjezga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵangakomeka nga umo vikaŵira ku Darfur. Mu 2006 na mu 2008, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kutora msumba uwu na nkhongono, kweni ŵakatondeka. Pa Janyuwale 15, 2010, charu cha Chad na Sudan vikakolerana kuti viŵeso pa mtende. Ŵalwani ŵa Chadi ŵakawelera ku caru cawo kufuma ku Sudan, ŵakajura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi pamanyuma pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, na kutumizga ŵasilikari kuti ŵavikilire mphaka. Mu Meyi 2013, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad ŵakatondeska boma kuwukira pulezidenti Idriss Déby.

Pasono Chadi njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pa nkhondo yakulimbana na gulu la Boko Haram na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵa chisopa cha Islam. Boma la Chad likapharazga kuti Déby wafwa pa 20 Epulero, 2021, pamanyuma pakuti gulu la FACT lawira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto, apo pulezidenti wakakomeka apo ŵakalutanga ku nkhondo. Mwana wa Déby, Jenerale Mahamat Idriss Déby, wasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakudumura na wupu wa ŵasilikari. Wupu uwu watora malo gha dango liphya na kupeleka mazaza kwa Mahamat Déby na kumwimika kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.^[13]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Chad

Chad is divided into three distinct zones, the Sudanian Savanna in the south, the Sahara Desert in the north, and the Sahelian belt in the center.

Chadi ni charu chikuru icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000 sq mi), ndipo chili pakati pa latitude 7° na 24° N, na 13° na 24° E, ndipo ni charu cha nambara 20 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose. Chadi ni chigaŵa chichoko waka pakuyaniska na charu cha Peru, ndipo chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na charu cha South Africa.

Chadi chili na mphaka na Libya kumpoto, Sudan kumafumiro gha dazi, Niger, Nigeria na Cameroon kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Central African Republic kumwera. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,060 (660 mi) kufuma ku dowoko la pafupi chomene la Douala, Cameroon. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cili kutali comene na nyanja ndiposo cifukwa ca mphepo ya mu mapopa, nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakucichema kuti "Mtima Wakufwa wa ku Africa".

Chigaŵa ichi chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Ennedi Plateau na Tibesti Mountains, ndipo chili na phiri la Emi Koussi, ilo lili na mamita 3,414 (mamita 11,201) pachanya pa nyanja. Nyanja ya Chad, yeneiyo yikupangiska kuti charu ichi chichemeke (ndipo yeneiyo yikutora zina lake kufuma ku lizgu la Kanuri ilo likung'anamura "nyanja"), ni vyakukhalira vya nyanja yikuru iyo yikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) mu Chad Basin vyaka 7,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Nangauli mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chiziŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana ma kilomita 17,806 pera, ndipo malo ghake ghakusintha nyengo na nyengo.^[28]

Mu charu cha Chad muli malo 6 ghakukhala vyamoyo: East Sudan savanna, Sahelian Acacia savanna, Lake Chad flooded savanna, East Sahara montane xeric forests, South Sahara steppe and forests, na Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric forests. Pakuti mu chigaŵa ichi muli vyakumera vinandi, ntchakwenelera kuti viyuni, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa, na vinyama vikuruvikuru vyambukengepo. Mlonga ukuru wa Chadi, wa Chari, wa Logone na milonga yawo yinyake, ukufuma kumwera kwa charu ichi kuya ku nyanja ya Chad.^[28]

Caka cilicose, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikumanyikwa kuti intertropical front, yikwendendeka kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto mu caru ca Chad. Para vula yikulokwa pa malo ghakupambanapambana, pakupangika vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Sahara. Mvula iyo yikulokwa chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 50 millimeters (2.0 inches).^[28]

Charu cha Sahara chili pakati pa charu cha Chad, ndipo pa charu ichi pali chivula cha mamita 300 m'paka 600. Ku Sahel, makuni gha minga (makuni ghanandi gha akasiya) ghakwenda pachokopachoko kulazga kumwera na kufika ku chigaŵa cha Sudan. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka mu chigaŵa ichi njakukwana 900 mm.^[29]

Wildlife

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Chad

An African bush elephant

Vinyama na vyakumera vya mu caru ici vikukolerana na malo ghatatu agha. Mu chigaŵa cha Sahara, vyakumera ivyo vikusangika mu malo agha ni makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha mikama na gha akasiya ghakumera mu chigaŵa cha Sahel. Malo gha kumwera, panji gha ku Sudan, ghali na utheka ukuru panji malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Kuzakafika mu 2002, mu caru ici mukaŵa vyamoyo pafupifupi 134, viyuni 509 (vyamoyo 354 ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha, na 155 ivyo vikusama), na vyakumera vyakujumpha 1,600.

Ku malo agha kuli njovu, nkhalamu, mbaŵala za mu nkhorongo, zombe, mphoyo, mphumphi, nyalubwe, mphoyo, na njoka zinandi. Kuzingira njovu, comenecomene kumwera kwa caru ici mu malo nga ni Zakouma National Park, ni suzgo likuru comene. Gulu lichoko waka la ng'ona za ku West Africa izo zilipo mu Ennedi Plateau, ni zamoyo zaumaliro ku Sahara.^[30]

Chadi wakaŵa na chiŵelengero cha 6.18/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo wakaŵa wa nambara 83 pa vyaru 172. Pakuti makuni ghanandi ghakumara, makuni gha acacia, baobab, na makuni gha mikama ghakumara. Ici cikupangiska kuti nyama za mu thengere zileke kukhala mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Viŵeto nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe, na mphumphi vyachepa comene.

Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya na vyakurya (Food and Agriculture Organization) wacitapo kanthu kuti uwovwire comene ŵalimi, ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto, na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto mu malo gha Zakouma National Park (ZNP), Siniaka-Minia, na Aouk mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Chad kuti vinthu vyende makora. Nga ni cigaŵa ca mulimo wa kuvikilira caru, makuni ghakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni ghaŵikikaso kuti mapopa ghaleke kukura, ndipo ici cikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵasange ndalama kufuma ku makuni gha acacia, agho ghakupanga chigumula, kweniso makuni gha vipambi.

Kucicizga njoka ni suzgo likuru comene mu caru ici, comenecomene njovu izo zikuguliskika cifukwa ca malonda gha maryero gha maryero. Kanandi njovu zikukomeka mu viŵeto mukati na kufupi na malo agha. Suzgo ili likusazgikira cifukwa cakuti mu mapaki agha mulije ŵantchito ŵanandi kweniso ŵalinda ŵanandi ŵakomeka na ŵalwani.^[31]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Chad

Toubou nomads in the Ennedi Mountains

Wupu wakuwona vya ndyali ku Chad ukati mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 13,630,252 na 13,679,203, ndipo ŵanthu 13,670,084 ndiwo ŵakawonekanga kuti ŵalipo. Ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici mbawukirano comene: 47% ŵali na vyaka vya pasi pa 15. Ŵanthu ŵakubaba ŵana 42.35 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo ŵakufwa 16.69. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 52.

Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Chad ŵali palipose yayi. Chiŵelengero chake chili 0.1/km2 (0.26/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Sahara cha Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti kweni 52.4/km2 (136/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha Logone Occidental. Mu msumba uwu, ciŵelengero ici nchakukwera comene. Ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi.

Mu msumba uwu ndimo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakuchita malonda. Matawuni ghanyake ghakuru ni Sarh, Moundou, Abéché na Doba, agho ngakutowa comene kweni ŵanthu ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndiposo vinthu vikwenda makora. Kwambira mu 2003, ŵanthu 230,000 ŵakufuma ku Sudan ŵachimbira ku Darfur, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad. Ŵanthu 172,600 ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici.^[32][33]

Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakutora mitala. Dango likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵatorenge ŵanakazi ŵanandi, pekha para ŵakutorana ŵayowoyapo kuti ŵaleke kutora. Nangauli nkhaza za ŵanakazi ni zakukanizgika, kweni ni viŵi yayi kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitirike nkhaza pa nyumba. Kucicizga ŵanakazi nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi, kweni nkharo iyi njakuzara comene ndipo njakukhora comene mu mitheto; ŵanakazi 45 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa mu Chad ŵakucicizgika, ndipo ŵanakazi ŵanandi comene ŵali mu mtundu wa Ciarabu, Hadjarai, na Ouaddai (90% panji kujumpha apa). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara (38%) na Toubou (2%) ŵakaŵa na vigaŵa vichoko chomene. Ŵanakazi ŵalije mwaŵi wakuyana pa nkhani ya masambiro na masambiro, lekani vikuŵasuzga kuphalizgana na ŵanyawo pa milimo yinandi iyo yikuchitika mu vipatala. Nangauli malango ghakukhwaskana na katundu na kuhara agho ghakukolerana na malango gha ku France ghakususkana yayi na ŵanakazi, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwera ŵanalume.^[34]

Largest cities, towns, and municipalities

Cities of Chad

Rank	City	Population		Region
		1993 Census[35]	2009 Census[35]
1.	N'Djaména	530,965	951,418	N'Djaména
2.	Moundou	99,530	137,251	Logone Occidental
3.	Abéché	54,628	97,963	Ouaddaï
4.	Sarh	75,496	97,224	Moyen-Chari
5.	Kélo	31,319	57,859	Tandjilé
6.	Am Timan	21,269	52,270	Salamat
7.	Doba	17,920	49,647	Logone Oriental
8.	Pala	26,116	49,461	Mayo-Kebbi Ouest
9.	Bongor	20,448	44,578	Mayo-Kebbi Est
10.	Goz Beïda	3,083	41,248	Sila

Ethnic groups

Nkhani ikulu: Ethnic groups in Chad

Mboum girls dancing in Chad

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi, vyapakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumpoto kwa Africa.

Mu charu cha Chad muli mafuko ghakujumpha 200, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma na maboma ghakupambanapambana ŵakayezga kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe mu charu chawo, kweni ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chawo ndiwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza chomene. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵangapika vigaŵa kuyana na malo agho ŵakukhala.^[15][36]

Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera, kuli ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa nga ni Sara, mtundu ukuru wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba zawo. Mu vyaru vya Sahel, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mwakufwasa ŵakukhala lumoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mwakufwasa, nga Mbaarabu. Kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Toubous.^[15][36]

Languages

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Chad

Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Ciarabu na Cifurenci, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100. Cifukwa ca mulimo wakuzirwa wa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, Ciarabu ca ku Chad cazgoka ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya.^[15]

Religion

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Chad

Chadi ni charu icho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa visopa vyakupambanapambana. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu 52% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 39% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 22% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, ndipo 17% ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research wa mu 2012, 48% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad awo Mbasilamu, ŵakatenge Mbakhristu ŵa chisopa cha Sunni, 21% Ŵachihiya, 4% Ŵaahmadi, ndipo 23% Mbasilamu. Chisilamu chikulongosoreka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana; nga ni umo tawonera, ŵanthu 55% ŵa Chadi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sufi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya vya chisopa cha Tijaniyah. Mu 2020, ARDA yikati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Chadi ŵakaŵa Ŵasuni. Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka (5~10%) mu charu ichi ŵakuchita vinthu vyautesi, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakukolerana na gulu la Salafi.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi Mbakatolika. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi, kusazgapo "Winners' Chapel" ya ku Nigeria, ŵali mu magulu ghakupambanapambana gha Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova nawo ŵali mu caru ici. Visopa vyose viŵiri ivi vikamba mu 1960 apo charu chikapokera wanangwa.

Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo. Chisopa cha Animisimu chili na visopa vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuyowoya vya ŵasekuru na malo. Chikhristu chikafika ku Chad pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵa ku France na America; nga umo vikaŵira na Chisilamu cha ku Chad, chikukolerana na visambizgo vya chisopa ivyo vikaŵako pambere Chikhristu chindafike.^[15]

Religion in Chad (Pew Research)[37][38]
religion			percent
Islam			57%
Christianity			39%
None			2%
Folk			1%
Other			1%

Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo na Ŵakhristu ŵakukhala comene kumwera kwa Chad na Guéra. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵachoko chomene kumpoto. Ndondomeko iyi yikupanga boma la ŵanthu yayi ndipo likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa.

Mu caru ca Chad muli ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakwimira magulu gha Cikhristu na Cisilamu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Cisilamu ŵakufuma ku Sudan, Saudi Arabia, na Pakistan nawo ŵakwiza. Ndalama za Saudi Arabia zikovwira pa ntchito za umoyo wa ŵanthu na za masambiro kweniso kuzenga masisiteri ghanandi.^[39]

Education

Ŵasambizgi ŵakukumana na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa cakuti mu caru muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo ŵapapi ŵakukhumba yayi kutuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu. Nangauli sukulu njakukhumbikwa, kweni ŵana 68 pera pa ŵana 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakusambira pulayimale. Masambiro ghapacanya ghakusambizgika pa Yunivesite ya N'Djamena. Mu caru ca Chad, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ŵali pacoko comene kuluska mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa.

Mu 2013, boma la United States Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku Chad yikati ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 awo ŵakugwira ntchito pa sukulu ŵalipo 39%. Ivi vikukolerana na nkhani ya ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito, cifukwa lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti ŵana 53% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 5 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo ŵana 30% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 14 ŵakagwiranga nchito pamoza na sukulu. Lipoti linyake la DOL likulongora kuti viŵeto ni vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵana ŵachoko ŵakuchita.^[40]

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Chad

Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election

Dango la caru ca Chad likuti boma likulongozgeka na pulezidenti. Pulezidenti wali na mazaza gha kwimika nduna yikuru na nduna za boma, ndipo wali na mazaza ghakuru pa kwimika ŵeruzgi, ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari, ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe gha boma. Para kwacitika suzgo yikuru, pulezidenti wangapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru. Pulezidenti wakusankhika mwakudunjika na ŵanthu kuti waŵe na vyaka vinkhondi. Mu 2005, ŵakafumiskapo malango agho ghakukanizga munthu kuŵa na vyaka viŵiri. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira Déby mba fuko la Zaghawa, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa kumwera na ŵakususka ŵali mu boma.^[41][42]

Ndondomeko ya malango ya Chadi yikukolerana na malango gha boma la France na malango gha Chadi agho ghakususkana yayi na malango gha boma panji malango agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana. Nangauli dango likukanizga ŵeruzgi yayi, kweni pulezidenti ndiyo wakwimika ŵeruzgi ŵanandi. Khoti Likuru ili likulongozgeka na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri. Wangaŵa na mazaza ghakuwonaso malango, mapangano, na mapangano gha pa caru cose pambere ghandakhazikiskike.^[41][42]

Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo yikupanga malango. Wupu uwu uli na mamembara 155, awo ŵakusankhika kwa vilimika vinayi. Nyumba ya Ufumu iyi yikuwungana kaŵiri pa chaka, mu Malichi na Okutobala. Pa vilimika viŵiri vilivyose, ŵimiliri ŵakusankha mulongozgi wa wupu wakulongozga. Mu mazuŵa 15 pera, pulezidenti wakwenera kusayinira panji kukana malango ghaphya. Nyumba ya Malamulo yikwenera kuzomerezga ndondomeko ya nduna yikuru ya boma ndipo yingacicizga nduna yikuru kuti yifumeko na fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kuyigomezga. Ndipouli, usange wupu wakulongozga ukukana ndondomeko ya wupu uwu kaŵiri pa chaka, pulezidenti wangamazga wupu uwu na kuchema maungano gha malango. Mu vyakucitika, pulezidenti wakuŵa na mazaza pa Nyumba ya Malango kwizira mu chipani cake, Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), ico cili na wanandi.

Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, magulu gha ndyali 78 ghalembeka. Mu 2005, vyaru vyakwimikana na malango na mawupu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa wanthu vikwimilira pakukana referendum iyo yikazomerezga kuti Déby wasankhike kachiŵiri pa nyengo yacitatu pamanyuma pakuti ŵapharazgi ŵayowoya kuti pakaŵa vinthu vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya kulembeska ŵanthu na boma. Awo ŵakalembanga nkhani iyi ŵakawona kuti mavoti gha mu 2006 ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa, chifukwa ŵakususka ŵakawona kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghautesi ndipo ŵakaŵachimbizga.

Charu cha Chad chili pa gulu la vyaru ivyo vyabudiska kuyana na fundo ya Peace Fund (FFP). Chad yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 7 pa malo ghapachanya chomene pa Index ya Vyaru Vyakukhora mu 2021. Vimbundi vili palipose; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ya 2021 yikati Chad yili pa malo gha 164 pa vyaru 180. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga pulezidenti wakale Déby ŵakamupa mulandu wa kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.

Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu cha Chad, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikana comene cifukwa ca malo. Kanandi ŵakuŵa ŵankhaza. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene vikumara, ndipo ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo.

Kufwa kwa president wa Chadi kwa nyengo yitali Idriss Déby pa 20 April, 2021, kukapangiska kuti chalo cha National Assembly na boma vyasweke ndipo boma la chalo likasinthika na wupu wa ŵasilikari wa nyengo yachilendo uwo ukaŵa na ŵasilikari ndipo ukalongozgekanga na mwana wake Mahamat Kaka.^[43][44][45] Pa nyengo yasono dango la boma ili ndakwimiskika, ndipo likulindilira kuti lisinthike na dango linyake ilo lalembeka na wupu wa ŵanthu wose wa National Transitional Council, uwo uchalipo. Wupu wa ŵasilikari wati mavoti ghazamunozgeka pamanyuma pa nyengo ya myezi 18.^[46]

Internal opposition and foreign relations

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Chad

Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.

Déby wakasangana na ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga chifukwa cha kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya ŵalongozgi. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakanjira mu msumba uwu pa Epulero 13, 2006, kweni pamasinda ŵakaŵawuskamo. Charu icho chili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Chad ni France, ndipo chili na ŵasilikari 1,000. Déby wakagomezga Ŵafalansa kuti ŵamovwirenge kuthereska ŵakugaluka, ndipo France yikovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakuthupi na vya umanyi cifukwa ca kopa kuti mu chigaŵa ichi vinthu vinganangika. Ndipouli, ubwezi wa caru ca France na Chad ukasuzgika cifukwa cakuti mu 1999 kampani ya ku America yakucemeka Exxon yikapokera wanangwa wa kubowozga mafuta.^[47]

Mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ku Chad kwaŵa magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka. Mu 2007, pakalembeka phangano la mtende ilo likasazga ŵasilikari ŵa United Front for Democratic Change mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Chadi. Gulu la Justice and Democracy mu Chad nalo likakumana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma mu 2003 pakukhumba kuwuskapo pulezidenti Idriss Déby. Kuonjezera apo, pakaŵa nkhondo zakupambanapambana na ŵakugaluka ŵa Janjaweed ŵa ku Khartoum kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad, awo ŵakakoma ŵanthu mwakugwiliskira nchito ndege za nkhondo. Pasono, gulu la Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) ni gulu la ŵakugaluka ilo likulutilira kurwa nkhondo na boma la Chad. Mu 2010, UFR yikati yikaŵa na ŵasilikari 6,000 na magalimoto 300.^[48]

Military

Nkhani ikulu: Chad National Army

Buku la CIA la World Factbook likuti bajeti ya usilikari wa Chad ni 4.2% ya GDP kufuma mu 2006. Pakuwona kuti pa nyengo iyo caru ici cikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana $7.095 biliyoni, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa pafupifupi $300 miliyoni. Kweni pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Chad (2005-2010) chiŵerengero ichi chikakhira kufika pa 2.0% nga umo Banki ya Charu Chose yikayowoyera mu 2011.^[49]

Administrative divisions

Nkhani ikulu: Regions of Chad, Departments of Chad, and Sub-prefectures of Chad

Kwambira mu 2012, charu cha Chad chili na vigaŵa 23. Boma la Chad likagaŵa vigaŵa mu 2003, apo likamazga vigaŵa 14. Chigaŵa chilichose chikulongozgeka na kazembe. Ŵalara ŵa boma ndiwo ŵakulongozga vigaŵa 61. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ivyo vili na vigaŵa 446.

Vyaru ivi vikwenera kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinyake, kweni malango gha vyaru ivi ghandamalizgike. Ndondomeko iyi yikuphalira boma kuti liŵachichizge ŵanthu kuti ŵachitengepo kanthu kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora. Pa cifukwa ici, dango la boma likuti cigaŵa cilicose cikwenera kulongozgeka na wupu wakulongozga, kweni palije maungano gha cigaŵa agho ghacitika.^[34]

Page 'Regions of Chad' not found

Chuma

Wonani vinandi: Economy of Chad, Agriculture in Chad, and Petroleum industry in Chad

A proportional representation of Chad exports, 2019

GDP per capita development of Chad, since 1950

Lipoti la wupu wa United Nations' Human Development Index likulongora kuti charu cha Chad chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru vikavu chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2009, GDP pa munthu yumoza yikaŵa USD 1,651. Chadi wali mu wupu wa Central African States Bank, Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) na Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).

Ndalama za ku Chad ni CFA franc. M'ma 1960, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakagwiranga nchito ya migodi kuti ŵapange sodium carbonate, panji natron. Kweniso ku chigaŵa cha Biltine kuli malipoti ghakuti kuli malibwe gha golide. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikacitika kwa vilimika vinandi, ŵamalonda ŵakufumako ku vyaru vinyake ŵakawopa. Mu 2000, ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake zikamba kugwiliskirika nchito mu dipatimenti ya mafuta, ndipo ivi vikakhozga vinthu vya mu caru ici.^[37][41]

Women in Mao, where water is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.

Kuŵavya umoza mu vyalo vya ndyali pa caru cose nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakuguliska vinthu (makamaka thonje na mafuta ghamsinjiro), ndyali ya caru cose iyo yikovwira yayi panji kukhozga vyalo vya Chadi, kweniso kuleka kovwira vyalo vya mu caru ici, vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Chadi ŵakhalenge na njara.^[50][51] Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 ŵali mu caru ca Chad ŵakuthemba pa ulimi na viŵeto. Vipambi ivyo vikulimika na malo agho viŵeto vikukhala vikuthemba pa nyengo ya mu malo agha. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli malo ghanandi gha vyakurya. Mu Sahel, mbuto za mphoza izo zikukura makora ni izo zikupambika makora yayi kuluska za kumwera. Kweni ku Sahel kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe, mbuzi, mberere, mbunda, na mahachi. Mu mapopa gha Sahara muli vyakumera vichoko waka. Msumba wa Chad uli na masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya vinthu vya mu tawuni; 48% pera ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndiwo ŵali na maji ghakumwa ndiposo 2% pera ndiwo ŵali na vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo.^[36][52]

Makuni gha katoni ghakukhalilira kuŵa vyakurya vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska, nangauli palije maukaboni. Kuweleramo kwa tawuni ya Cotontchad, iyo ni tawuni yikuru ya makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni agho ghali kuchepa cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mtengo wa makuni gha makuni gha makuni agha, kuli kovwirika na France, Netherlands, European Union, na International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Pasono boma likulindizga kuti likanizgirenge vinthu vyawo. Ku malo agha kuli viŵeto vinandi vya ng'ombe na vyakurya vinyake.^[53]

Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, caru ca Chad caŵa na suzgo la ŵanthu kwamba mu 2001. Mu 2008, mu charu cha Chad mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 280,000 ŵakufuma mu chigaŵa cha Darfur ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 55,000 ŵakufuma ku Central African Republic, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 170,000 awo ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu Febuluwale 2008, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku N'Djamena, Muteŵeti wa Secretary-General wa UN pa Nkhani za Umoyo wa Ŵanthu, John Holmes, wakayowoya kuti "wakudandawura comene" cifukwa ca suzgo ili. Maurizio Giuliano, muyowoyeri wa UN, wakaphalira nyuzipepara ya The Washington Post kuti: "Usange tikutondeka kovwira ŵanthu mwakukwana, suzgo ili lingazgoka soka". Kweniso mawupu nga ni Save the Children ghalekeska milimo yawo cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu.

Chad yaluta panthazi comene pa nkhani ya kucepeska ukavu. Ndipouli, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakavu chikakwera kufuma pa 4.7 miliyoni mu 2011 kufika pa 6.5 miliyoni mu 2019. Kuzakafika mu 2018, ŵanthu 4.2 pa 10 ŵaliwose ŵachali mu ukavu.^[54]

Infrastructure

Transport

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Chad

Nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska kuti vipatala vileke kwenda makora. Mu 1987, mu Chad mukaŵa waka misewu ya makilomita 30. Mu 2004, misewu iyi yikaŵa na utali wa makilomita 550. Ndipouli, misewu yinandi njambura kwenda makora, ndipo kanandi yingaŵa yambura kwenda myezi yinandi pa chaka. Pakuti charu cha Chad chilije misewu ya njanji, ntchigaŵa icho chikuthemba chomene njanji za ku Cameroon.

Mu 2013, charu cha Chad chikaŵa na ma eyapoti pafupifupi 59, ndipo 9 pera ghakaŵa na misewu.^[55] Ku Paris kuli chiŵanja cha ndege icho chikwendako nyengo na nyengo ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku misumba yinyake ya mu Africa.

Energy

Wonaniso: Energy in Chad

Boma la Chad likwendeska makora yayi vya magesi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Chad ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makuni na vyakumera kuti ŵasange magesi.

ExxonMobil ndiyo wakulongozga gulu la Chevron na Petronas ilo laŵika ndalama zakukwana madola 3.7 biliyoni kuti liŵe na mafuta ghakukwana mabarale 1 biliyoni kumwera kwa Chad. Mu 2003, mulimo wa kupanga mafuta ukayamba apo ŵakamalizga kuzenga maji (ghakovwira na ndalama za World Bank) agho ghakukolerana na malo gha ku mizi ya kumwera kwa caru ca Cameroon. Pakupeleka wovwiri uwu, Banki ya Caru Cose yikakhumbanga kuti ndalama izo zikufuma mu mafuta zinjizgike pa 80 peresenti. Mu Janyuwale 2006, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayimiska ndondomeko yake ya ngongoli apo boma la Chad likapeleka malango ghakukanizga ndalama izi. Pa Julayi 14, 2006, Banki ya Charu Chose na Chadi ŵakasayina chikalata chakulongosolera umo boma la Chadi likugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zake 70% pa mapulogiramu ghakovwira kuchepeska ukavu.^[56]

Telecommunications

Wonaniso: Telecommunications in Chad

Mafoni agha ghakaŵa ghakudura ndipo ghakaŵa ghapachanya chomene. Mu 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa waka mafoni 14 pa ŵanthu 10,000.

Gateway Communications, uyo wakwendeska ntchito ya kutumizga mauthenga ku vyaru vya ku Africa, nayo wali ku Chad. Mu Seputembala 2013, Unduna wa vya Makalata na Mapulogiramu gha Umoyo (PNTIC) wa ku Chad ukati charu ichi chikupenja ŵantchito awo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya fiber optic.

Chadi wali pa malo ghaumaliro pa ndondomeko ya World Economic Forum yakuwona umo maofesi gha pa Intaneti ghakugwilira ntchito. Chad yikaŵa pa nambara 148 pa nambara 148 pa nambara ya NRI ya 2014. Mu Seputembala 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mafoni chikaŵa 24.3% pa ŵanthu 10.7 miliyoni.^[57]

Mwambo

Cifukwa ca ŵanthu na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, caru ca Chad cili na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Boma la Chadi likulimbikira kukhozga mitheto ya Chadi mwa kujura Nyumba ya Vyakusanguluska ya Chadi na Charu cha Chikhalidwe cha Chadi. Maholide ghakukwana 6 ghakuchitika chaka chose, ndipo maholide ghanyake ghakusunkhunyika ni maholide gha Chikhristu gha Easter Monday na maholide gha Chisilamu gha Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, na Eid Milad Nnabi.^[58]

A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses.

Kuphika

Nkhani ikulu: Cuisine of Chad

Mu vyakurya vya ku Chad, chiŵiya cha millet ndicho ntchakukhumbikwa chomene. Ŵakuwugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga viŵiya ivyo ŵakuviŵika mu msuzi. Mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto vya caru ici, cakurya ici cikucemeka alysh, ndipo kumwera, biya. Somba zikumanyikwa comene, ndipo kanandi zikuphika na kuguliskika nga ni salanga (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma) panji nga ni banda (somba zikuruzikuru zakukhoma). Chitayi chakuchemeka carcaje, ntchakutchuka chomene. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto mulije vyakumwa vyakuloŵezga, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, uko ŵanthu ŵakumwa moŵa wakuchemeka billi-billi para wafuma mu moŵa wakukhoma, ndipo coshate para wafuma mu moŵa utuŵa.^[59]

Sumo

Nkhani ikulu: Music of Chad

Sumu za ku Chad zili na vyakwimbira nga ni kinde, mtundu unyake wa zeze; kakaki, mbata yitali; na hu hu, vyakwimbira vya vingwe ivyo vikugwiliskira nchito ma calabash nga ni vyakukuzgira mazgu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Sara ŵakutemwa chomene vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya kodjo. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kanembu ŵakusazga vyakwimbira vyawo na vyakwimbira vya vyakwimbira nga ni vyakwimbira vya fuluti.

Gulu la sumu la Chari Jazz likapangika mu 1964 ndipo ndilo likambiska sumu za mu Chad. Pamanyuma, magulu ghanyake ghakucemeka African Melody na International Challal ghakayezga kusazga vinthu vyasono na vya kale. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni Tibesti, ghakulutilira kulondezga mitheto yawo chifukwa cha sumu za sai, za kumwera kwa charu cha Chad. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad ŵakutinkha sumu za mazuŵa ghano. Ndipouli, mu 1995 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kutemwa comene nkhani za mu Chadi izo zili pa ma CD na ma kaseti. Kuwukira boma na kuleka kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ni masuzgo ghakuru comene ku makampani gha sumu gha ku Chad.^[59][60]

Literature

Fried or Grilled Grasshoppers

Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Sahel, mabuku gha mu Chad ghali na suzgo la vyachuma, ndyali, na vyauzimu. Awo ŵakulemba mabuku mu charu cha Chad ŵakachichizgika kulemba mabuku kufuma ku charu chinyake, ndipo ŵakalemba mabuku agho ghakulongosora vya nkhaza za ndyali na mbiri. Kwambira mu 1962, ŵalembi 20 ŵa ku Chad ŵalemba mabuku pafupifupi 60. Ŵanyake mwa ŵalembi awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose ni Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui na Koulsy Lamko. Mu 2003 munthu yumoza pera uyo wakususka mabuku gha Chadi, Ahmat Taboye, wakafumiska buku lake lakuti Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne kuti wamanye makora mabuku gha Chadi pa caru cose kweniso ku ŵawukirano.^[59][61][62]

Media and cinema

Nkhani ikulu: Media of Chad and Cinema of Chad

Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera TV mu charu cha Chad ŵakukhala waka mu msumba wa N'Djamena. Wayilesi ya boma ya Télé Tchad ndiyo yikulongozga pa nkhani iyi. Wayilesi yikupharazga comene, ndipo pali wayilesi zakukwana 13. Manyuzipepara ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakupharazgika bweka yayi chifukwa cha ndalama zakwendeskera vinthu, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba, kweniso ukavu. Nangauli dango la boma likuvikilira wanangwa wakuyowoya, kweni boma likukana wanangwa uwu, ndipo kuumaliro wa 2006 likamba kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵapharazgenge.

Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Chad ghakamba na mafilimu ghafupi gha Edouard Sailly mu m'ma 1960, kweni ghakatimbanizgika na nkhondo za pawenenawene kweniso chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mafilimu. Makampani gha mafilimu gha Chadian ghakambaso kukura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, na ntchito ya Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Issa Serge Coelo na Abakar Chene Massar. Filimu ya Haroun yakucemeka Abouna yikapokelereka na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo Daratt wake wakatora Mphoto ya Grand Special Jury pa Venice International Film Festival ya nambara 63. Filimu ya A Screaming Man ya mu 2010 yikapokera chawanangwa cha jury pa 2010 Cannes Film Festival, ndipo Haroun ndiyo wakaŵa director wakwamba wa ku Chad kunjira, kweniso kuwina chawanangwa mu chiphalizgano chikuru cha Cannes. Issa Serge Coelo wakapangiska mafilimu Daresalam na DP75: Tartina City.^{[63][64][65][66]}

Maseŵera

Nkhani ikulu: Sports in Chad

Bola la malundi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Chad. Ŵasepuka ŵa ku Chadi ŵakwimira timu ya ku France pa maseŵera gha caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita maseŵero gha basketball na freestyle wrestling, ndipo awo ŵakuchita maseŵero agha ŵakuvwara vikumba vya nyama na kujibisa fuvu.^[59]

Wonaniso

Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

• Outline of Chad
• Index of Chad-related articles

Vyakulemba

1. • Arabic: تشاد, romanized: Tšād, Arabic pronunciation: [tʃaːd]
   • French: Tchad, pronounced [tʃa(d)]
2. • Arabic: جمهورية تْشَاد, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Tšād
   • French: République du Tchad

Ukaboni

Citations

1. "Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population". Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques du Tchad. Archived from the original on 28 Disembala 2019. Retrieved 3 Meyi 2020.
2. Ramadane, Mahamat (2 Okutobala 2022). "Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years". Reuters. N'Djamena. Retrieved 20 Okutobala 2022.
3. "Le TCHAD en bref" (in French). INSEED. 22 Julayi 2013. Archived from the original on 22 Disembala 2015. Retrieved 18 Disembala 2015.
4. "Chad". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 Juni 2023.
5. "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 21 Malichi 2023.
6. "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 15 Julayi 2022.
7. "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2022.
8. "Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF".
9. "Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022.
10. "Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit". Deutsche Welle (in British English). 8 Epulelo 2016. Retrieved 4 Ogasiti 2020.
11. Haynes, Suyin (28 Malichi 2019). "This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout". Time. Retrieved 4 Ogasiti 2020.
12. Werman, Marco (5 Juni 2012). "ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'". The World. Public Radio International. Retrieved 4 Ogasiti 2020.
13. Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 Epulelo 2021). "Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military". Reuters. Retrieved 21 Epulelo 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
14. Decalo, pp. 44–45
15. S. Collelo, Chad
16. "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 29 Ogasiti 2010.
17. Decalo, p. 6
18. D. Lange 1988
19. Decalo, pp. 8–9
20. Decalo, p. 53
21. Decalo, pp. 248–249
22. Nolutshungu, p. 17
23. Decalo, pp. 12–16
24. Nolutshungu, p. 268
25. Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2, pp. 391–397
26. "Hissène Habré: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity". BBC. 2016.
27. IPS, "Le pétrole au cœur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad"
28. Dinar, Ariel (1995); Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-3321-6, p. 57
29. "Chad". Human Rights Instruments. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 12 December 1997.
30. Brito, José C.; Martínez-Freiría, Fernando; Sierra, Pablo; Sillero, Neftalí; Tarroso, Pedro; Fenton, Brock (25 Febuluwale 2011). "Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e14734. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614734B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014734. PMC 3045445. PMID 21364897.
31. "Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife". The New York Times. 31 Disembala 2012. Retrieved 17 Okutobala 2013.
32. "COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD" (PDF). European Commission. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022.
33. "Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007" (PDF). 8 January 2007. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
34. "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
35. "INSEED-TCHAD – Document". Inseed-td.net. 24 Epulelo 2018. Archived from the original on 28 Disembala 2019. Retrieved 24 Meyi 2020.
36. "Chad". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000)
37. CIA, "Chad", 2009
38. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad. Pew Research Center. 2010.
39. "Chad". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
40. "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor". Archived from the original on 10 Juni 2015. Retrieved 29 Juni 2015.
41. "Background Note: Chad ". September 2006. United States Department of State.
42. "Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile Archived 14 Juni 2007 at the Wayback Machine" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.
43. "Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over". Thomas Reuters News. Reuters. 20 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 20 Epulelo 2021.
44. "Chad Sets Up Transitional Military Council Headed By Son Of Late President – Reports". UrduPoint. Retrieved 20 Epulelo 2021.
45. "Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement". Deutsche Welle. 20 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 20 Epulelo 2021.
46. "Calm and order in Chad three months after Idriss Déby's death". Africanews. 19 Julayi 2021. Retrieved 10 Ogasiti 2021.
47. Manley, Andrew; "Chad's vulnerable president", BBC News, 15 March 2006.
48. Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet Archived 24 Sekutembala 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. 21 March 2013
49. "Military expenditure (% of GDP) | Data". data.worldbank.org.
50. Amin, Samir (1990). Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure. United Nations University Press. ISBN 9780862329310.
51. Bond, Patrick (2006). Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation. Zed Books. ISBN 9781842778111.
52. "Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project" (PDF). 24 September 2002. World Bank.
53. "Chad economic products". NationsEncyclopedia.com. 28 Okutobala 2016. Retrieved 28 Okutobala 2016.
54. "The World Bank in Chad". The World Bank. 2022. Retrieved 25 Meyi 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
55. "Chad". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 16 Epulelo 2017. (Archived 2017 edition)
56. World Bank (14 July 2006). World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction
57. "Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 – Q3 2010)". mnodirectory.com. Archived from the original on 4 Disembala 2011.
58. Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); "Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005". Archived from the original on 15 Okutobala 2007. Retrieved 6 Meyi 2007.. United States Department of Commerce.
59. "Chad: A Cultural Profile" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 Okutobala 2006. Retrieved 19 Juni 2007. (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. ISBN 0-7727-9102-3
60. • (in French) Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "La musique recherche son identité Archived 22 Epulelo 2014 at the Wayback Machine", Tchad et Culture 214.
61. (in French) Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche Archived 28 Sekutembala 2013 at archive.today", Tchad et Culture 214.
62. Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2, pp. 12, 132, 135
63. (in French) Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire Archived 30 Meyi 2013 at the Wayback Machine", Tchad et Culture 256.
64. Young, Neil (23 March 2004) An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father"). jigsawlounge.co.uk
65. "Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice", BBC News, 9 September 2006.
66. (in French) Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir" Archived 28 Sekutembala 2013 at archive.today, Tchad et Culture 214.

Sources

• (in French) Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir" Archived 28 Sekutembala 2013 at archive.today, Tchad et Culture 214.
• "Background Note: Chad". September 2006. United States Department of State.
• (in French) Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire", Tchad et Culture 256.
• Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", The South African Journal of Economics 60 (4): 246–255.
• Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2
• "Chad". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 28 Janyuwale 2010. (Archived 2010 edition)
• "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
• "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
• "Chad". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 18 Epulelo 2012.
• "Chad". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
• "Amnesty International Report 2006 Archived 13 Janyuwale 2015 at the Wayback Machine". Amnesty International Publications.
• "Chad" (PDF). African Economic Outlook 2007. OECD. May 2007. ISBN 978-92-64-02510-3
• "Chad". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 15 May 2007.
• "Chad" (PDF). Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000
• "Chad (2006)". Archived from the original on 4 Juni 2011. Retrieved 6 Meyi 2007.. Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.
• "Chad". Human Rights Instruments. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 12 December 1997.
• "Chad". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
• "Chad, Lake". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000).
• "Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project" (PDF). 24 September 2002. World Bank.
• "Chad: A Cultural Profile" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 Okutobala 2006. Retrieved 4 Juni 2007. (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. ISBN 0-7727-9102-3
• "Chad Urban Development Project" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.
• "Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007" (PDF). 8 January 2007. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
• "Chad Livelihood Profiles" (PDF). March 2005. United States Agency for International Development.
• "Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.
• "Chad (2006) Archived 12 Okutobala 2007 at the Wayback Machine". Country Report: 2006 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.
• "Chad and Cameroon". Archived from the original on 13 Janyuwale 2009. Retrieved 17 Meyi 2007.. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. Energy Information Administration.
• "Chad leader's victory confirmed", BBC News, 14 May 2006.
• "Chad may face genocide, UN warns", BBC News, 16 February 2007.
• (in French) Chapelle, Jean (1981); Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-85802-169-4
• Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); "Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 Febuluwale 2009. Retrieved 5 Meyi 2007.. New York: United Nations. ISBN 92-1-104540-1
• Collelo, Thomas (1990); Chad: A Country Study, 2d ed. Washington: U.S. GPO. ISBN 0-16-024770-5
• (in French) Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); "La decentralisation au Tchad". Archived from the original on 8 Malichi 2008. Retrieved 19 Juni 2007.
• Decalo, Samuel (1987). Historical Dictionary of Chad (2 ed.). Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-1937-5.
• East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X
• Dinar, Ariel (1995); Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-3321-6
• (in French) Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "La musique recherche son identité", Tchad et Culture 214.
• "Chad: the Habré Legacy" Archived 13 Janyuwale 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Amnesty International. 16 October 2001.
• Lange, Dierk (1988). "The Chad region as a crossroad" (PDF), in UNESCO General History of Africa – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, vol. 3: 436–460. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8
• (in French) Lettre d'information (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004.
• Macedo, Stephen (2006); Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3
• (in French) Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche", Tchad et Culture 214.
• Manley, Andrew; "Chad's vulnerable president", BBC News, 15 March 2006.
• "Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice", BBC News, 9 September 2006.
• (in French) Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête Archived 12 Meyi 2012 at the Wayback Machine" (PDF). 4th PEP Research Network General Meeting. Poverty and Economic Policy.
• Nolutshungu, Sam C. (1995). Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1628-6.
• Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
• "Rank Order – Area Archived 9 Febuluwale 2014 at the Wayback Machine". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.
• "Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile Archived 14 Juni 2007 at the Wayback Machine" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.
• "Circonscriptions Administratives" (PDF) (in French). Government of Chad. 3 Julayi 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 Julayi 2007.
• Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); "Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005". Archived from the original on 15 Okutobala 2007. Retrieved 6 Meyi 2007.. United States Department of Commerce.
• "Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. FAO. 29 November – 1 December 1972.
• (in French) "Tchad". L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays. UNESCO, Education for All.
• (in French) "Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 1 June 2006.
• Wolfe, Adam; "Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic". Archived from the original on 5 Janyuwale 2007. Retrieved 3 Meyi 2007., PINR, 6 December 2006.
• World Bank (14 July 2006). World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction. Press release.
• World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database. 2006. United Nations Population Division.
• "Worst corruption offenders named", BBC News, 18 November 2005.
• Young, Neil (August 2002); An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father").

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

• Chad. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Chad country study from Library of Congress
• Chad web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• Chad at Curlie
• Chad profile from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Chad
• Geographic data related to Chad at OpenStreetMap
• Key Development Forecasts for Chad from International Futures

Template:Chad topics

15°N 19°E