Chad
charu cha ufumu pakati pa Afilika / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chad (/tʃæd/ (pulikizgani machemelo)),[lower-alpha 1] mwalamulo Charu cha Chad,[lower-alpha 2] ni charu icho chili pa mphambano ya kumpoto na pakati pa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Libya kumpoto, Sudan kumafumiro gha dazi, Central African Republic kumwera, Cameroon kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Nigeria kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Niger kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chadi chili na ŵanthu 16 miliyoni, ndipo 1.6 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa N'Djamena.
Charu cha Chad
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Chiluso:
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Nyimbo:
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Msumba Waboma kweneso Msumba Usani | N'Djamena | |||||
Chiyowoyelo chaboma |
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Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2009 Census[1]) |
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Vipembezo |
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Mwenecharu | Chadian | |||||
Mtundu wa Boma | Unitary republic under a hereditary military dictatorship[2] | |||||
- | Transitional President | Mahamat Déby | ||||
- | Prime Minister | Saleh Kebzabo | ||||
- | Vice President | Djimadoum Tiraina | ||||
Independence from France | ||||||
- | Colony established | 5 September 1900 | ||||
- | Autonomy granted | 28 November 1958 | ||||
- | Sovereign state | 11 August 1960 | ||||
Ukulu wa Malo | ||||||
- | Malo | 1,284,000 km2[3] (20th) 495,755 sq mi |
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- | Maji (%) | 1.9 | ||||
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu | ||||||
- | 2023 estimate | 18,523,165[4] (66th) | ||||
- | Density | 8.6/km2 22.3/sq mi |
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GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $32.062 billion[5] (147th) | ||||
- | Per capita | $1,789[5] (179th) | ||||
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $13.523 billion[5] (145th) | ||||
- | Per capita | $755[5] (183rd) | ||||
Gini (2018) | 37.5[6] medium |
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HDI (2021) | 0.394[7] low ·190th |
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Ndalama | Central African CFA franc (XAF ) |
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Mtundu Wanyengo | WAT (UTC+1) | |||||
Woko la galimoto | right | |||||
Intaneti yacharu | .td |
Chadi wali na vigaŵa vinandi: kumpoto kuli mapopa, pakati pa chigaŵa ichi pali Sahelian belt, ndipo kumwera kuli savana ya ku Sudan. Nyanja ya Chad, iyo ni zina la caru ici, ndiyo ni malo ghaciŵiri ghakuru comene mu Africa. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Chad ni Chiarabic na Chifurenchi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 200. Chisopa cha Chisilamu (55.1%) na Chikhristu (41.1%) ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Chad.[8][9]
Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu Chadi. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., maufumu ghanandi ghakawuka na kuwa mu chigaŵa cha Sahel ku Chad. Mu 1920, caru ca France cikathereska caru ici na kuciŵika mu cigaŵa ca French Equatorial Africa. Mu 1960, charu cha Chad chikamba kujiwusa chekha mwakulongozgeka na François Tombalbaye. Ŵanthu ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo wakacita ku mpoto kwa caru ca Muslim, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya cikaya mu 1965. Mu 1979, ŵakugaluka ŵakathereska msumba uwu na kumazga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South. Ŵalongozgi ŵa gulu la ŵakugaluka ŵakarwanga lumoza m'paka Hissène Habré wakatonda ŵalwani ŵake. Nkhondo ya Chadian-Libya yikamba mu 1978 cifukwa ca nkhondo ya ku Libya iyo yikamara mu 1987 na nkhondo ya ku France (Operation Épervier). Mu 1990, Hissène Habré wakathereskeka na mulara wake Idriss Déby. Na wovwiri wa ku France, mu 1991 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Chad likamba kunozgekaso. Kwambira mu 2003, suzgo la ku Darfur mu Sudan likasazgikira pa mphaka ndipo likapangiska kuti caru cileke kukhazikika. Charu ichi chikaŵa kale mukavu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵakwaniske kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad.
Nangauli magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakakolerana na wupu wakulongozga mu Chad, wupu wa National Assembly, kweni mazaza ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha Patriotic Salvation Movement mu nyengo ya Idriss Déby, uyo boma lake likalongosoreka kuti ndakuzomerezgeka.[10][11][12] Panyuma pakuti President Déby wakomeka na ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT mu April 2021, wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo ukalongozgeka na mwana wake Mahamat Déby ukamba kuwusa boma na kuswa wupu wa Assembly.[13] Chadi wakulutilira kusuzgika na vivulupi vya ndyali ndiposo kuyezga kupoka boma.
Chadi yili pa malo gha chiŵiri pa malo ghachoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu, na 0.394 mu 2021 ndipo yili pa malo gha 190. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbakavu ndipo ŵalimi. Kwambira mu 2003, mafuta ghakununkhira ndigho ghakovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyakurya. Chadi yili na mbiri yiheni pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nga nkhujalirika mu jele mwakuyana na khumbo lawo, kukoma ŵanthu kwambura mulandu, na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.