Xinghezi

Xinghezi iririmi leri sunguleke ku vulavuriwa eNghilandhi naswona hirona ririmi leri vulavuriwaka ngopfu ematikweni ya misava.^[1] Ririmi leri ri tshyiwe hi rixaka ra Va-Angles, rin'wana ra tinxaka takhale ta maJarimani, leri rhurheleke eBhrithaniya, endhzawini leyi thyiweke, Nghilandhi. Swiga ririmi swarona swihlohloteriwa ngopfu hi tindzimi tin'wana ta xiJarimani, ngopfu-ngopfu Xinirse, Xilatini na Xifurhwa.^[2]

Ririmi ra Xinghezi ri akiwe endzeni ka malembe ya kutlula 1,400. Xinghezi xosungula, axivulavuriwa eka malembe-xidzana ya vunthlanu. Xinghezi xale xikarhi xisungule eka lembe-xidzana ravu khume-n'we, loko mavuthu ya Vanomanimata hlula tiko ra Nghilandi, leswi swilandzeriweke hi nhlohlotelo wa xifurhwa.^[3] Xinghenzi lexilandzeleke xisungule hi lembe-xidzana ra vukhume-nthlanu, loko kuta sunguriwa kutirhisiwa ka michini yo gandlisa tibuku e dorobheni ra Landhani, ku gandlisiwa ka Bhibhele ya Hosi Yakobo, na masungulo ya ku ncinca lokukulu ka ririmi.^[4]

Xinghezi xi hangalake na misava kusukela eka lembe-xidzana ra vukhume-nkombo kuya eka lembe-xidzana ramakume-mbirhi. Hikwalaho ka swihlovo swa manguva lawa swa mahungu na kuthlandluka ka Amerikha tanihi mfumo-nkulu wa misava, ririmi raXinghezi ri sungule kutirhisiwa tanihi ririmi-nkulu ra matiko yo tala ya misava naswona rithlela ritirhisiwa eka tidyondzo ta Sayenzi na ta nawu.^[5]

Xinghezi iririmi ra vunharhu hivukulu emisaveni, kulandzela ririmi ra Xichayina na Xipanichi.^[6] Hirona ririmi leri dyondzisiwaka ngopfu emisaveni naswona iririmi ximfumo ra matiko ya kwalomu ka makume-ntsevu. Kuna vanhu votala lava dyondzeke ririmi leri kutlula vanhu lavarimameke. Xinghezi iririmi leri vulavuriwaka ngopfu ematikweni ya Nghilandi, Amerikha, Khanada, Ostraliya, Ayilendi na Nyuzilendi, naswona rivulavuriwa ngopfu eswihlaleni swa Kharibhiya, tiko-nkulu ra Afrika na ra Axiya.^[7] iririmi-ximfumo leri tirhisiwaka hi Nhlangano ya Matiko, Vumbano bya Yuropa na minhlangano yin'wana ya matiko ya misava. Ririmi leri rina swiga-ririmi na marito yo tsandza-vahlayi.^[8][9]

Mintshaho

1. Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Lay summary – Library of Congress (sample) (4 February 2015).
2. Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter. ISBN 3-533-02253-6.
3. Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Lay summary – Library of Congress (sample) (4 February 2015).
4. "How English evolved into a global language". BBC. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
5. "The Routes of English". 1 August 2015.
6. "Summary by language size". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
7. Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Lay summary – Library of Congress (sample) (4 February 2015).
8. "How many words are there in the English language?". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. 2015. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
9. Algeo, John (1999). "Chapter 2:Vocabulary". In Romaine, Suzanne. Cambridge History of the English Language. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–91. ISBN 978-0-521-26477-8. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003.

Ku hangalasiwa ka ntivo-misava

Ku sukela hi 2016, 400 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu a va ri na Xinghezi tanihi ririmi ra vona ro sungula, naswona 1.1 wa tibiliyoni ta vanhu a va xi vulavula tanihi ririmi ra vumbirhi kumbe ra matiko mambe . Xinghezi i ririmi ra vunharhu hi ku ya hi nhlayo ya vavulavuri va rikwavo, endzhaku ka Ximandarin na Xipaniya . ^[1] Hambiswiritano, loko ku hlanganisiwa nhlayo ya vavulavuri va ririmi ra rikwavo ni lava nga riki vavulavuri va rikwavo, ku nga ha va, hi ku ya hi swiringanyeto, ku va ririmi leri dumeke swinene emisaveni. ^{[2] [3]} Xinghezi xi vulavuriwa hi miganga hinkwako-nkwako ni le kwalomu ka xihlala xin’wana ni xin’wana lexi tsemakanyaka malwandle . ^[4]

Swirhendzevutana swinharhu swa matiko lama vulavulaka Xinghezi

Braj Kachru u hambanisa matiko lawa Xinghezi xi vulavuriwaka eka wona hi ku tirhisa modele wa swirhendzevutana swinharhu. ^[5] Eka modele lowu, "ring ya le ndzeni" i matiko lama nga na miganga leyikulu ya rixaka ra Xinghezi, "ring ya le handle" i matiko lawa Xinghezi ku nga ririmi ra rikwavo ra vanhu va nga ri vangani ntsena kambe ri tirhisiwa ngopfu eka dyondzo, vuhlanganisi na swikongomelo swin'wana, na "ku andlala." circle" i matiko lawa vanhu votala va dyondzaka Xinghezi. Swirhendzevutana leswi swinharhu swa cinca hi ku famba ka nkarhi. ^[6]

Matiko lama nga ni miganga leyikulu ya vaaki va kwalaho ma katsa United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Canada, Riphabliki ra Ireland, na New Zealand, laha vunyingi bya vaaki va vulavulaka Xinghezi, na Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga, laha nhlayo yitsongo leyikulu yi vulavulaka Xinghezi. Matiko lama nga na nhlayo yo tala ya vavulavuri va Xinghezi va rixaka i United States (kwalomu ka 231 wa timiliyoni), ^[7] United Kingdom (60 wa timiliyoni), ^{[8] [9] [10]} Canada (19 wa timiliyoni), ^[11] Australia (kwalomu ka 17 wa timiliyoni), ^[12] Riphabliki ra Afrika-Dzonga (4.8 wa timiliyoni), ^[13] Riphabliki ra Ireland (4.2 wa timiliyoni), na New Zealand (3.7 wa timiliyoni). ^[14] Ematikweni lawa, vana va vavulavuri va ririmi ra rikwavo va dyondza Xinghezi eka vatswari va vona, kasi lava vulavulaka tindzimi tin’wana kumbe vanhu lava humaka ematikweni mambe hakanyingi va dyondza Xinghezi leswaku va vulavurisana ni vanhu lava va hanyaka na vona. ^[15]

1. Ethnologue 2010.
2. McCrum, MacNeil & Cran 2003, pp. 9–10.
3. Crystal 2003a, p. 69.
4. Crystal 2003b, p. 106.
5. Svartvik & Leech 2006, p. 2.
6. Kachru 2006, p. 196.
7. Ryan 2013, Table 1.
8. Office for National Statistics 2013, Key Points.
9. National Records of Scotland 2013.
10. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012, Table KS207NI: Main Language.
11. Statistics Canada 2014.
12. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013.
13. Statistics South Africa 2012, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number).
14. Statistics New Zealand 2014.
15. Bao 2006, p. 377.