Antakthika

Antakthika i tiko-nkulu leri nge dzongeni wa misava. mhandzi-nkokelo ya le dzongeni bya misava yikumeka eka tiko-nkulu leri, naswona rirhendzeriwe hi lwandle ra le Dzongeni. Tiko-nkulu leri ri funengeta 14,000,000 wati skwemitara hi ku anama, naswona it ravunthlanu hi kuanama eka matiko nkulu. Hi ku ringanisa, Anthakthika yi aname kambirhi kutlula tiko ra Ostraliya. Kwalomu ka 98% ya tiko-nkulu leri yi funengetiwe hi gwitsi leri enteke kwalomu ka 1.9km,^[1] naswona gwitsi leri rindlandlamukela kufikela eribuweni ra tiko-nkulu leri.

Vundhzawu	14,000,000km2
Ntsengo wa vanhu	5,000 vaxinkarhana

Anthakthika

Antakthika, hiku angarhela hirona tiko-nkulu leri titimelaka, leri omeke, naswona leri ngana moya kutlula matiko-nkulu hinkwawo, naswona ritlakukile kutlula matiko-nkulu man'wana.^[2] Antakthika i tiko ra mananga, naswona rihava mpfula.^[3] Kwalomu ka 1,000 kuya eka 5,000 wa vanhu vatshama eka tiyindlu ta vulavisisi leti akiweke atikweni-nkulu leri. Swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka eka tiko-nkulu leri swihlanganisa vulwembu bya lwandle, swimilana, swiharhi swo fana na swinyenyana swa lwandle na swin'wana.

Antakthika i tiko-nkulu ro hetelela leri tsumburiweke hi vanhu, naswona ku tsumburiwa ko sungula loku tsariweke kuve hi lembe ra 1820, hi pfumba ra vavalangi va Rhaxiya, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen na Mikhail Lazarev eka swikepe swa Vostok na Mirny. Hambiswiritano tiko-nkulu leri ri sarile ririhava vaaka tiko hikwalaho ka matshemelo ya rona lama nonohaka ku aka no hanya kona.

Antakthika yihava hulumendhe kumbe mfumo, kambe kova na mintwanano ya matiko lamahlayeke, lawa ma endlaka vulavisisi eka ndzhawu leyi. Kwalomu ka khume mbirhi wa matiko, ma tikirhetile ntwanano wa Antakthika hi 1959, naswona makume-nharhu nhungu man'wana ma tikirhetile ntwanano lowu kusukela lembe rero. Ntwanano lowu wu alela kuceriwa ka migodi ya timayini, Vusocha na switichi swa masocha, kubalesa tibhomu ta Nyukliya, naswona wu seketela vulavisisi bya Sayensi, naku sirhelela vumbango bya yona.

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Mintshaho

1. British Antarctic Survey. "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" (PDF). The Cryosphere journal: 390. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
2. National Satellite, Data, and Information Service. "National Geophysical Data Center". Government of the United States. Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2006.
3. Joyce, C. Alan (18 January 2007). "The World at a Glance: Surprising Facts". The World Almanac. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009.

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Antakthika

Ntalo wa vanhu

Tihulumendhe to hlayanyana ti hlayisa switichi swa ndzavisiso leswi nga ni vaaki va nkarhi hinkwawo etikweni-nkulu leri. Nhlayo ya vanhu lava tirhaka, ku seketela vulavisisi bya sayense na mintirho yin’wana e Antarctica nale ka swihlala swale kusuhi yisuka eka kwalomu ka 1,000 hi xixika kuya eka 5,000 hi ximumu, leswi fambelanaka na nhlayo ya vaaki ya 70–350 wa vanhu/siku. Switichi swo tala swi thola vanhu lembe hinkwaro, naswona vatirhi va xixika hakanyingi va huma ematikweni ya rikwavo va tirha ku ringana lembe. Kereke ya Trinity Orthodox yi pfuriwile hi 2004 eXitichini xa Bellingshausen xa le Rhaxiya naswona yi fambisiwa lembe hinkwaro hi muprista un’we ku ya eka vambirhi, lava na vona va cincanaka lembe na lembe.

Vaaki vo sungula lava nga riki va nkarhi hinkwawo va ndhawu leyi nga ekusuhi na Antarctica (edzongeni wa ndhawu leyi Antarctic yi hlanganaka eka yona ) a ku ri vahloti va ti- seal va le Amerika ni va le Britain. Va hete lembe kumbe ku tlula eGeorgia Dzonga, ku sukela hi 1786 ku ya emahlweni. Hi nkarhi wa ku hlotiwa ka ti whale kufikela hi 1966, vaaki va xihlala lexi ava sukela eka kutlula 1,000 hi ximumu (malembe yan’wana kutlula 2,000) kuya eka kwalomu ka 200 hi xixika. Vahloti ngopfu-ngopfu i va le Norway laha ku nga ni xiphemu lexi andzaka xa Xinghezi. Tindhawu to tshama eka tona ti katsa Grytviken, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Godthul, Port Leith, Prince Olav na Ocean. Vafambisi ni vatirhela-mfumo lavakulu va xitichi xa ti- whale hakanyingi va tshama ni mindyangu ya vona. Exikarhi ka vona a ku ri na Carl Anton Larsen, muvalangi wa le Norway tlhelo mutivi wa ti- whale loyi a sunguleke Grytviken. Larsen na ndyangu wa yena va ve vaaki va Britain hi 1910. Nhwanyana wa le Norway Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen a a ri n’wana wo sungula ku velekiwa eXifundzheni xa Antarctic, ngopfu-ngopfu eGrytviken hi October 8, 1913. I n’wana wa Klara Olette Jacobsen na Fridthjof Jacobsen, mupfuni wa vulawuri bya xitichi xa whale. Jacobsen u fike exihlaleni lexi hi 1904 naswona u ve mufambisi wa Grytviken ku sukela hi 1914 ku ya eka 1921. U ni vana vambirhi lava velekiweke exihlaleni lexi.

Emilio Marcos Palma ari munhu wosungula ku velekiwa e dzongeni wa 60 degrees south latitude nale ka tikonkulu ra Antarctic, ngopfu ngopfu e Esperanza Base enhlohlorhini ya nhlonhle ya Antarctic hi 1978. Vatswari va Palma ni mindyangu yin’wana ya nkombo va rhumeriwe hi hulumendhe ya le Argentina leswaku va ya vona loko vutomi bya ndyangu byi faneleka laha. Juan Pablo Camacho a a ri Muchile wo sungula ku velekiwa eAntarctica hi 1984 eXitichini xa Frei Montalva . Sweswi swisekelo swin’wana i kaya ra mindyangu leyi nga ni vana lava nghenaka xikolo exitichini lexi. Ku sukela hi 2009, ku ve ni tincece ta 11 leti velekiweke eAntarctica (edzongeni wa 60 wa tidigri edzongeni wa latitude), tsevu eEsperanza Base ya le Argentina ni tinharhu eXitichini xa Frei Montalva xa le Chile.