Sammuramat (Akadca: Sammu-rāmat veya Sammu-ramāt),[3][lower-alpha 2]Shammuramat veya Shamiram olarak da bilinen, [4] Neo-Asur İmparatorluğu'nun güçlü bir kraliçesiydi. Kariyerine kral V. Shamshi-Adad'ın [lower-alpha 3] (h.824-811) kraliçesi olarak başladı, oğlu III. Adad-nirari'nin (h.811-783 M.Ö.) saltanatı sırasında alışılmadık derecede önemli bir konuma ulaştı. Kocasının ölümünden sonra kraliçe statüsünü koruyan bilinen tek Asur kraliçesidir ve bir askeri sefere katılan ve hatta belki de öncülük eden bilinen tek antik Asur kadınıdır.
Sammuramat, uzun süredir mitolojik savaşçı-kraliçe ve kahraman Semiramis'in arkasındaki ana ilham kaynağı olarak kabul edilmektedir. [7][3][8][9][10][11]
Though usually used by historians today,[1] the title of "queen" as such did not exist in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The feminine version of the word for king (šarrum) was šarratum, but this was reserved for goddesses and foreign queens who ruled in their own right. Because the consorts of the kings did not rule themselves, they were not regarded as their equals and as such not called šarratum. Instead, the term reserved for the primary consort was MUNUS É.GAL (woman of the palace).[2] In Assyrian, this term was rendered issi ekalli, later abbreviated to sēgallu.[1]
For alternate transliterations and the etymology of the name, see the "name" section
Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or "women of the palace"). Though it has been disputed in the past,[1][5] it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity).[1]
The text reads "stele of Shammuramat, queen of Shamshi-Adad, king of the Universe, king of Assyria, mother of Adad-nirari, king of the Universe, king of Assyria, daughter-in-law of Shalmaneser, king of the Four Corners"[6]
Dalley, Stephanie (2005). "Semiramis in History and Legend: a Case Study in Interpretation of an Assyrian Historical Tradition, with Observations on Archetypes in Ancient Historiography, on Euhemerism before Euhemerus, and on the So-called Greek Ethnographie Style". S. Gruen, Erich (Ed.). Cultural Borrowings and Ethnic Appropriations in Antiquity. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN3-515-08735-4.
Gansell, Amy Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". Svärd, Saana; Garcia-Ventura, Agnès (Ed.). Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns. ISBN978-1575067704.
Melville, Sarah C. (2014). "Women in Neo-Assyrian texts". Chavalas, Mark W. (Ed.). Women in the Ancient Near East: A Sourcebook. Londra: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-44855-0.
Novotny, Jamie (2004). "Sammu-rāmat or Sammu-ramāt"(PDF). Baker, Heather D. (Ed.). Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3/1. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. ss.1083-1084. ISBN951-45-9056-2.
"Sammu-rāmat". Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. 23 Ekim 2014. 15 Nisan 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ocak 2022.
