Sinaunang Israelita

Ang mga Sinaunang Israelita o simpleng Mga Israelita ay isng konpederasyon ng isang mga tribo na nagsasalita ng Wikang Semitiko sa Sinaunang Malapit na Silangan noong Panahong Bakal na tumira sa Canaan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Ang Israel ay pinangalan kay El (diyos) na nangangahulugang "nakipagbuno kay El". Ang katagang 𒅖𒊏𒅋, išrail ay natagpuan sa Ebla at 𐎊𐎌𐎗𐎛𐎍, yšrʾil ay nakita sa Ugarit.^[5]

Ang mga taong Yisrir na pinakahulugang Israel ay unang lumitaw sa Merneptah Stele ca. 1200 BCE. Ayon sa mga arkeologo at historyan, ang mga Israelita ay lumitaw mula sa mga taong Cananeo at naging isang natatanging kultura sa pag-unglad ng monolatriya at kalaunan ay monoteismo nito na nakasentro sa pagsamba lamang sa diyos na si Yahweh na isa sa 70 mga anak ni El (diyos) ng mga taong Semitiko..^[6]^[7]^[8] Sila ay nagsasalita ng wikang Sinaunang Hebreo na isang wikang Semitiko.^[9] Ang mga sinaunang Israelita sa simula ay mga politeistiko(pagsamba sa maraming Diyos) at kalaunang naging mga monolotraista(pagsamba sa isang pambansang diyos na seloso sa Aklat ng Exodo 34:14 ngunit pagkilala sa pag-iral ng ibang mga Diyos) at naging mga monoteistiko(pagkilala lamang sa isang diyos na si Yahweh) na lumitaw lamang pagkatapos ng pagkakatapon sa Babilonya ca. 587/586 BCE.

Ayon sa kuwento ng Bibliya, ang mga Israelita ay mga inapo ni Jacob na kalaunang tinawag na Israel. Pagkatapos ng isang tagtuyot, si Jacob at ang kanyang 12 mga anak na lalake ay tumungo sa Ehipto na kalaunang naging Labindalawang Tribo ng Israel. Ang mga Israelita ay lumisan sa Ehipto sa pamumuno ni Moises at kalaunan ay ni Josue na sumakop sa mga lupain ng Canaan. Ito ay sinasalungat ng ebidensiyang arkeolohiakl na walang nangyaring Exodo mula sa Ehipto at walang pananakop na nangyari sa Canaan sa panahon ni Josue.Ayon sa mga iskolar at arkeologo, ang kuwentong ito ay isang mitong pinagmulan na inimbento noong pagkakatapon sa Babilonya.^[10]^[11]

Ayon rin sa Bibliya, si David at Solomon ang naging hari ng Kaharian ng Israel (nagkakaisang monarkiya) na kalaunang nahati sa dalawang kaharian: Ang Kaharian ng Juda at Kaharian ng Israel (Samaria). Karamihan sa mga kuwento sa Bibliya tungkol sa mga kahariang ito ay hindi umaayon sa arkeolohiya.^[12]^[13] Ang Kaharian ng Israel (Samaria) ay bumagsak sa Imperyong Neo-Asirya noong ca. 723-720 BCE at ipinatapon ang mga mamamayan nito sa Asirya.^[14] Ang Kaharian ng Juda ay winasak ng Imperyong Neo-Babilonya noong ca. 587/586 BCE at ang mga mamamayan nito ay ipinatapons sa Babilonya.^[15] Ang mga mamamamayan ng Juda ay pinayagang makabalik sa Herusalem ni Dakilang Ciro 539 BCE at ang Juda ay naging probinsiya ng Imperyong Persiyano bilang Yehud Medinata sa loob ng 207 taon.^[16]^[17] Ang mga Hudyo at mga Samaritano ang mga inapo ng mga Israelita.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] Inaaangkin ng mga Hudyo na sila ay nagmula sa angkan ng Tribo ng Judah at Tribo ni Levi dahil ang 10 tribo ay naglaho na pagkatapos ng pagpapatapon sa Asirya.

[1]
Finkelstein, Israel. "Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the real Israel stand up?." The Biblical archaeologist 59.4 (1996): 198–212.
[2]
Finkelstein, Israel. The archaeology of the Israelite settlement. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1988.
[3]
Finkelstein, Israel, and Nadav Na'aman, eds. From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1994.
[4]
Finkelstein, Israel. "The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view." Levant 28.1 (1996): 177–87.
[5]
Michael G. Hasel, Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Brill, 1998
[6]
Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
[7]
Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5
[8]
Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. England: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd. pp. 28, 31. ISBN 1-85075-657-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[9]
Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages, Routledge, pp. 145–173, ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7
[10]
Faust 2015, p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt..".
[11]
Redmount 2001, p. 61: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative."
[12]
Thomas, Zachary (2016-04-22). "Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 46 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[13]
Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The history of Israel in the biblical period". Sa Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (mga pat.). The Jewish Study Bible (sa wikang Ingles) (ika-2nd (na) edisyon). Oxford University Press. pp. 2107–2119. ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called "Israel."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[14]
Broshi, Maguen (2001). Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84127-201-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[15]
Faust, Avraham (2012-08-29). Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28. ISBN 978-1-58983-641-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[16]
Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015). Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7–11, 30, 226.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[17]
Encyclopaedia Judaica. Bol. 3 (ika-2nd (na) edisyon). p. 27.
[18]
Adams, Hannah (1840). The history of the Jews : from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. OCLC 894671497.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[19]
Brenner, Michael (2010). A short history of the Jews. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14351-4. OCLC 463855870.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[20]
Ostrer, Harry (2012). Legacy : a Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-1-280-87519-9. OCLC 798209542.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
[21]
Kartveit, Magnar (2014-01-01). "Review of Knoppers, Gary N., Jews and Samaritans: The Origins and History of Their Early Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013)". The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 14. doi:10.5508/jhs.2014.v14.r25. ISSN 1203-1542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[1] [1]
Finkelstein, Israel. "Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the real Israel stand up?." The Biblical archaeologist 59.4 (1996): 198–212.

[2] [2]
Finkelstein, Israel. The archaeology of the Israelite settlement. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1988.

[3] [3]
Finkelstein, Israel, and Nadav Na'aman, eds. From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1994.

[4] [4]
Finkelstein, Israel. "The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view." Levant 28.1 (1996): 177–87.

[5] [5]
Michael G. Hasel, Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Brill, 1998

[6] [6]
Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)

[7] [7]
Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5

[8] [8]
Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. England: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd. pp. 28, 31. ISBN 1-85075-657-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[9] [9]
Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages, Routledge, pp. 145–173, ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7

[FOOTNOTEFaust2015p.476:_"While_there_is_a_consensus_among_scholars_that_the_Exodus_did_not_take_place_in_the_manner_described_in_the_Bible,_surprisingly_most_scholars_agree_that_the_narrative_has_a_historical_core,_and_that_some_of_the_highland_settlers_came,_one_way_or_another,_from_Egypt.."-10] [10]
Faust 2015, p.476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt..".

[FOOTNOTERedmount200161-11] [11]
Redmount 2001, p. 61: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative."

[Zachary-12] [12]
Thomas, Zachary (2016-04-22). "Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 46 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[lipschits-13] [13]
Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The history of Israel in the biblical period". Sa Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (mga pat.). The Jewish Study Bible (sa wikang Ingles) (ika-2nd (na) edisyon). Oxford University Press. pp. 2107–2119. ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called "Israel."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Broshi_2001_1742-14] [14]
Broshi, Maguen (2001). Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84127-201-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[15] [15]
Faust, Avraham (2012-08-29). Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28. ISBN 978-1-58983-641-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[16] [16]
Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015). Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7–11, 30, 226.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[17] [17]
Encyclopaedia Judaica. Bol. 3 (ika-2nd (na) edisyon). p. 27.

[18] [18]
Adams, Hannah (1840). The history of the Jews : from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. OCLC 894671497.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[19] [19]
Brenner, Michael (2010). A short history of the Jews. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14351-4. OCLC 463855870.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[20] [20]
Ostrer, Harry (2012). Legacy : a Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-1-280-87519-9. OCLC 798209542.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[21] [21]
Kartveit, Magnar (2014-01-01). "Review of Knoppers, Gary N., Jews and Samaritans: The Origins and History of Their Early Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013)". The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 14. doi:10.5508/jhs.2014.v14.r25. ISSN 1203-1542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

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