Melanoplus spretus

	Melanoplus spretus; Status i världen: Utdöd
Systematik
Domän	Eukaryoter; Eukaryota
Rike	Djur; Animalia
Stam	Leddjur; Arthropoda
Understam	Sexfotingar; Hexapoda
Klass	Egentliga insekter; Insecta
Ordning	Hopprätvingar; Orthoptera
Överfamilj	Acridoidea
Familj	Gräshoppor; Acrididae
Släkte	Melanoplus
Art	Melanoplus spretus
Vetenskapligt namn
	§ Melanoplus spretus
Auktor	(Walsh, 1866)
Utbredning
	Artens spridning (klicka på bilden för detaljer, engelska)
Synonymer
	Caloptenus spretus Walsh, 1866; Melanoplus spretis (Walsh, 1866); Caloptenus spretus spretus Walsh, 1866
	Hitta fler artiklar om djur med Djurportalen

Melanoplus spretus^[15]^[13]^[16]^[17]^[1]^[2]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[33]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[14]^[12] är en utdöd insektsart som först beskrevs av Walsh 1866. Melanoplus spretus ingår i släktet Melanoplus och familjen gräshoppor.^[34]^[35] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.^[34]

Snabbfakta Systematik, Domän ...

Stäng

Individerna var med en kroppslängd på 20 till 35 mm medelstora gräshoppor.^[36]

Arten förekom i Klippiga bergen och i den angränsande prärien från British Columbia till Texas. Den bildade väldigt stora svärmar. År 1874 uppskattades en svärm vara 2 900 km lång och cirka 180 km bred. Svärmens vikt antogs vara 27 miljoner ton.^[36]

Som grund för artens utdöende utpekas nybyggarnas aktiviteter i dalgångarna i Montana och Wyoming där gräshoppans honor la sina ägg. Antagligen förstördes äggen genom plöjning och bevattning.^[36]

Trots den stora populationen som arten hade under 1800-talet är bara ett fåtal exemplar bevarade i olika museer.^[36]

[1]
Scudder, S.H. (1872) Notes on the Orthoptera collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden in Nebraska. Part III Entomology, Final Report of the United States Geological Survey of Nebraska and Portions of the adjecent territories made under the direction of the commissioner of the General Land office, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington 249-261
[2]
Scudder, S.H. In Dawson (1875) Notice on the butterflies and Orthoptera collected by Mr. George M. Dawson, as naturalist of the B.N.A. Boundary Commission , British North American Boundary Commission Geological Report of Progress in the vicinity of the 49th Parallel (Brit. N. Amer. Bound. Comm. Geol. Rept. of Progr. in the vicinity of the 49th Parallel) 1873:Appendix D
[3]
Riley, C.V. (1879[1878]) The philosophy of the movements of the Rocky Mountain Locust (Caloptenus spretus), Proc. 27th Mtg. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (St. Louis, 1878) 271-277
[4]
Riley, C.V. (1878) Parasites of eggs of Caloptenus spretus, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3(4), Proc.:226
[5]
Scudder, S.H. (1877[1874-) Habits and forms of Caloptenus spretus, Psyche, A Journal of Entomology (Psyche) 1(22):144
[6]
Snow (1875) Rocky Mountain Locust (Caloptenus spretus Uhler), Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 4:26-28
[7]
Riley, C.V. (1875) Caloptenus spretus préparé comme conserve alimentaire, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.) 5(5) Bull.:144
[8]
Riley, C.V. (1875) On the habits of Caloptenus spretus, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (Trans. Entomol. Soc. London) Proc. :18
[9]
Thomas, C. (1869-1870) The Hateful or Colorado Grasshopper (Caloptenus spretus, Uhler and Walsh), American Entomologist (Amer. Ent.) 2(3):31-34
[10]
Scudder, S.H. (1868[1866-) Notes on the eggs and egg-cases of Caloptenus spretus, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.) 11:436
[11]
Walsh (1866) Grasshoppers and Locusts, Practical Entomologist 2(1):1-5
[12]
Packard Jr. (1875) Caloptenus spretus in Massachusetts, American Naturalist (Am. Nat.) 9:573
[13]
Rehn, J.A.G. (1904) Notes on Orthoptera from northern and central Mexico, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.) 56:513-549
[14]
Cockerell (1889) , Entomologiste 22
[15]
Scudder, S.H. & Cockerell (1902) A first list of the Orthoptera of New Mexico, Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences (Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci.) 9:1-60
[16]
Stål (1878) Observationes orthoptérologiques. 3, Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (Bihang Kungl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl.) 5(9):1-20
[17]
Liebermann (1965) Nuevos materiales homotípicos en la colección de acridios del Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria, INTA (Orthoptera), Physis 25:213-222
[18]
Hebard (1935) Studies in Orthoptera of Arizona. Part I and Part II, Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.) 61:111-153, Pl. 4-8; 269-316
[19]
Hebard (1929) The Orthoptera of Colorado, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.) 81:303-425
[20]
Scudder, S.H. (1897) Revision of the Orthopteran group Melanopli (Acrididae) with special reference to North American forms, Proceedings of the United States National Museum (Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus.) 20 (1124):1-421
[21]
Vickery & D.K.M. Kevan (1985) , The insects and arachnids of Canada 14
[22]
Johnson, D.L. (2002) Spur-throated grasshoppers of the Canadian prairies and northern Great Plains, Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 8:16-25
[23]
Scudder, S.H. (1878[1876-) Remarks on Caloptenus and Melanoplus, with a notice of the species found in New England, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.) 19:281-286
[24]
Gurney & A.R. Brooks (1959) Grasshoppers of the mexicanus group, genus Melanoplus (Orthoptera: Acrididae), Proceedings of the United States National Museum (Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus.) 110:1-93
[25]
Lockwood, J.A. (2004) , Locust: The Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect that shaped the American Frontier, Basic Books, New York 320 pp.
[26]
Lockwood, J.A. (2001) Voices from the past: what we can learn from the Rocky Mountain Locust, American Entomologist (Amer. Ent.) 47(4):208-215
[27]
Lockwood, J.A. (1996) Phallic facts, fallacies, and fantasies: comments on Cohn's 1994 paper on Melanoplus spretus (Walsh), Journal of Orthoptera Research (Jour. Orth. Res.) 5:57-60
[28]
Cohn (1994) The use of male genitalia in taxonomy and comments on Lockwood's 1989 paper on Melanoplus spretus (Walsh), Journal of Orthoptera Research (Jour. Orth. Res.) 3:59-63
[29]
Lockwood, S. (1989) Taxonomic status of the Rocky Mountain .Locust: morphometric comparisons of Melanoplus spretus (Walsh) with solitary and migratory Melanoplus sanguinipes (F)., Canadian Entomologist (Canadian Ent.) 121:1103-1109
[30]
Bruner, L. (1884) Observations on the Rocky Mountain Locust during the summer of 1883, Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent. 4:51-62
[31]
Bruner, L. (1883) The Rocky Mountain Locust in 1880 and in Wyoming, Montana & C., in 1881, Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. 3:8-20, 21-52
[32]
Bruner, L. (1883) On reference to the Rocky Mountain locust. Chapt. 4 Notes on other locusts and on the western cricket, Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. 3
[33]
Riley, C.V. (1877) The Rocky Mountain Locust, American Naturalist (Am. Nat.) 11:663-673
[34]
Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (23 oktober 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/melanoplus+spretus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
[35]
OrthopteraSF: Orthoptera Species File. Eades D.C., Otte D., Cigliano M.M., Braun H., 2010-04-28
[36]
Kazmi, Ghaier (2009). ”Melanoplus spretus”. Extinct animals. Ross Piper. sid. 22-23. ISBN 978-0-313-34987-4

Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Melanoplus spretus.
Bilder & media

[col33863-1] [1]
Scudder, S.H. (1872) Notes on the Orthoptera collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden in Nebraska. Part III Entomology, Final Report of the United States Geological Survey of Nebraska and Portions of the adjecent territories made under the direction of the commissioner of the General Land office, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington 249-261

[col34672-2] [2]
Scudder, S.H. In Dawson (1875) Notice on the butterflies and Orthoptera collected by Mr. George M. Dawson, as naturalist of the B.N.A. Boundary Commission , British North American Boundary Commission Geological Report of Progress in the vicinity of the 49th Parallel (Brit. N. Amer. Bound. Comm. Geol. Rept. of Progr. in the vicinity of the 49th Parallel) 1873:Appendix D

[col297826-3] [3]
Riley, C.V. (1879[1878]) The philosophy of the movements of the Rocky Mountain Locust (Caloptenus spretus), Proc. 27th Mtg. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (St. Louis, 1878) 271-277

[col297827-4] [4]
Riley, C.V. (1878) Parasites of eggs of Caloptenus spretus, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 3(4), Proc.:226

[col297828-5] [5]
Scudder, S.H. (1877[1874-) Habits and forms of Caloptenus spretus, Psyche, A Journal of Entomology (Psyche) 1(22):144

[col297830-6] [6]
Snow (1875) Rocky Mountain Locust (Caloptenus spretus Uhler), Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 4:26-28

[col297831-7] [7]
Riley, C.V. (1875) Caloptenus spretus préparé comme conserve alimentaire, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.) 5(5) Bull.:144

[col297832-8] [8]
Riley, C.V. (1875) On the habits of Caloptenus spretus, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (Trans. Entomol. Soc. London) Proc. :18

[col297833-9] [9]
Thomas, C. (1869-1870) The Hateful or Colorado Grasshopper (Caloptenus spretus, Uhler and Walsh), American Entomologist (Amer. Ent.) 2(3):31-34

[col297834-10] [10]
Scudder, S.H. (1868[1866-) Notes on the eggs and egg-cases of Caloptenus spretus, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.) 11:436

[col297835-11] [11]
Walsh (1866) Grasshoppers and Locusts, Practical Entomologist 2(1):1-5

[col297837-12] [12]
Packard Jr. (1875) Caloptenus spretus in Massachusetts, American Naturalist (Am. Nat.) 9:573

[col33608-13] [13]
Rehn, J.A.G. (1904) Notes on Orthoptera from northern and central Mexico, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.) 56:513-549

[col297836-14] [14]
Cockerell (1889) , Entomologiste 22

[col29063-15] [15]
Scudder, S.H. & Cockerell (1902) A first list of the Orthoptera of New Mexico, Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences (Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci.) 9:1-60

[col33654-16] [16]
Stål (1878) Observationes orthoptérologiques. 3, Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (Bihang Kungl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl.) 5(9):1-20

[col33662-17] [17]
Liebermann (1965) Nuevos materiales homotípicos en la colección de acridios del Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria, INTA (Orthoptera), Physis 25:213-222

[col43624-18] [18]
Hebard (1935) Studies in Orthoptera of Arizona. Part I and Part II, Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.) 61:111-153, Pl. 4-8; 269-316

[col50100-19] [19]
Hebard (1929) The Orthoptera of Colorado, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.) 81:303-425

[col297038-20] [20]
Scudder, S.H. (1897) Revision of the Orthopteran group Melanopli (Acrididae) with special reference to North American forms, Proceedings of the United States National Museum (Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus.) 20 (1124):1-421

[col297042-21] [21]
Vickery & D.K.M. Kevan (1985) , The insects and arachnids of Canada 14

[col297164-22] [22]
Johnson, D.L. (2002) Spur-throated grasshoppers of the Canadian prairies and northern Great Plains, Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 8:16-25

[col297168-23] [23]
Scudder, S.H. (1878[1876-) Remarks on Caloptenus and Melanoplus, with a notice of the species found in New England, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.) 19:281-286

[col297183-24] [24]
Gurney & A.R. Brooks (1959) Grasshoppers of the mexicanus group, genus Melanoplus (Orthoptera: Acrididae), Proceedings of the United States National Museum (Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus.) 110:1-93

[col297818-25] [25]
Lockwood, J.A. (2004) , Locust: The Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect that shaped the American Frontier, Basic Books, New York 320 pp.

[col297819-26] [26]
Lockwood, J.A. (2001) Voices from the past: what we can learn from the Rocky Mountain Locust, American Entomologist (Amer. Ent.) 47(4):208-215

[col297820-27] [27]
Lockwood, J.A. (1996) Phallic facts, fallacies, and fantasies: comments on Cohn's 1994 paper on Melanoplus spretus (Walsh), Journal of Orthoptera Research (Jour. Orth. Res.) 5:57-60

[col297821-28] [28]
Cohn (1994) The use of male genitalia in taxonomy and comments on Lockwood's 1989 paper on Melanoplus spretus (Walsh), Journal of Orthoptera Research (Jour. Orth. Res.) 3:59-63

[col297822-29] [29]
Lockwood, S. (1989) Taxonomic status of the Rocky Mountain .Locust: morphometric comparisons of Melanoplus spretus (Walsh) with solitary and migratory Melanoplus sanguinipes (F)., Canadian Entomologist (Canadian Ent.) 121:1103-1109

[col297823-30] [30]
Bruner, L. (1884) Observations on the Rocky Mountain Locust during the summer of 1883, Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent. 4:51-62

[col297824-31] [31]
Bruner, L. (1883) The Rocky Mountain Locust in 1880 and in Wyoming, Montana & C., in 1881, Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. 3:8-20, 21-52

[col297825-32] [32]
Bruner, L. (1883) On reference to the Rocky Mountain locust. Chapt. 4 Notes on other locusts and on the western cricket, Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. 3

[col297829-33] [33]
Riley, C.V. (1877) The Rocky Mountain Locust, American Naturalist (Am. Nat.) 11:663-673

[COL-34] [34]
Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (23 oktober 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/melanoplus+spretus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.

[source-35] [35]
OrthopteraSF: Orthoptera Species File. Eades D.C., Otte D., Cigliano M.M., Braun H., 2010-04-28

[Kazmi-36] [36]
Kazmi, Ghaier (2009). ”Melanoplus spretus”. Extinct animals. Ross Piper. sid. 22-23. ISBN 978-0-313-34987-4

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Melanoplus spretus

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Systematik
Melanoplus spretus Status i världen: Utdöd

Domän	Eukaryoter Eukaryota
Rike	Djur Animalia
Stam	Leddjur Arthropoda
Understam	Sexfotingar Hexapoda
Klass	Egentliga insekter Insecta
Ordning	Hopprätvingar Orthoptera
Överfamilj	Acridoidea
Familj	Gräshoppor Acrididae
Släkte	Melanoplus
Art	Melanoplus spretus
Vetenskapligt namn
§ Melanoplus spretus
Auktor	(Walsh, 1866)
Utbredning
Artens spridning (klicka på bilden för detaljer, engelska)
Synonymer
Caloptenus spretus Walsh, 1866^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] Melanoplus spretis (Walsh, 1866)^[13] Caloptenus spretus spretus Walsh, 1866^[14]
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