Tibetanska visoravan

Tibetanska visoravan
Tibetanska visoravan
青藏高原 (Qīng–Zàng Gāoyuán, Ćinghaj–Tibetanska visoravan)
Najviša tačka
Najviša tačka	Tibetanska visoravan leži između himalajskog venca na jugu i pustinje Takla Makan na severu. (kompozitna slika)
Koordinate	33° SGŠ; 88° IGD
Dimenzije
Dužina	2500 km
Širina	1000 km
Površina	2500000 km2
Geografija
	Tibetanska visoravan i okolna oblast iznad 1600 m
Države	Kina (Tibet, Ćinghaj, Zapadni Sičuan, Severni Junan, Južni Sinkjang, Zapadni Gansu); Indija (Ladak, Lahaul & Spiti), Pakistan (Gilgit Baltistan); Nepal (Severni Nepal); Butan; Tadžikistan (Istočni Tadžikistan); Kirgistan (Južni Kirgistan)

Tibetanska visoravan (tibetanski: བོད་ས་མཐོ།, Vajli: bod sa mtho), takođe poznata u Kini i kao Ćinghaj–tibetanska visoravan^[1] ili Ćing–Cang visoravan^[2] () ili kao Himalajska visoravan u Indiji,^[3]^[4] je ogromna uzvišena visoravan u Centralnoj Aziji^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] i Istočnoj Aziji,^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] koja pokriva većinski deo Tibetanskog autonomnog regiona, Severozapadnog Junana, Zapadne polovine Sičuana, Južnog Gansua i Ćinghaj provincije u zapadnoj Kini, Indijske regione Ladak i Lahaul i Spiti (Himalajski Pradeđ) kao i Butan. Ova visoravan se proteže približno 1.000 km (620 mi) od severa do juga, i 2.500 km (1.600 mi) od istoka do zapada. To je najviša i najveća visoravan na svetu, sa površinom od 2.500.000 km² (970.000 sq mi) (oko pet puta veličine Metropolitanske Francuske).^[13] Njena prosečna elevacija nadmašuje 4.500 m (14.800 ft) i okružena je impozantnim planinskim lancima u kojima se nalaze dva najviša svetska vrha, Mont Everest i K2. Tibetanska visoravan se često naziva „krovom sveta”.

Кратке чињенице Najviša tačka, Koordinate ...

Затвори

Tibetanska visoravan sadrži izvorišta slivova većine tokova u okolnim regionima. Njegove desetine hiljada glečera i drugih geografskih i ekoloških karakteristika služe kao „vodeni toranj” koji čuva vodu i održava protok. Ponekad se naziva i Trećim polom s obzirom na to da njegova ledena polja sadrže najveću rezervu sveže vode izvan polarnih područja. Uticaj globalnog zagrevanja na Tibetansku visoravan je od velikog naučnog interesa.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

Remove ads

[1]
Wang, Zhaoyin; Li, Zhiwei; Xu, Mengzhen; Yu, Guoan (30. 3. 2016). River Morphodynamics and Stream Ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. CRC Press.
[2]
Jones, J.A.; Liu, Changming; Woo, Ming-Ko; Kung, Hsiang-Te (6. 12. 2012). Regional Hydrological Response to Climate Change. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 360.
[3]
„हिमालयी क्षेत्र में जीवन यापन पर रिसर्च करेंगे अमेरिका और भारत”. Amar Ujala (на језику: хинди). Приступљено 2023-07-25.
[4]
„In Little Tibet, a story of how displaced people rebuilt life in a distant land”. 18. 2. 2020.
[5]
Illustrated Atlas of the World (1986) Rand McNally & Company. 0-528-83190-9 pp. 164–65
[6]
Atlas of World History (1998 ) HarperCollins. 0-7230-1025-0 p. 39
[7]
„The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (Christopher Beckwith)”. Приступљено 19. 2. 2009.
[8]
Hopkirk 1983, стр. 1
[9]
Peregrine, Peter Neal & Melvin Ember, etc. (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory: East Asia and Oceania, Volume 3. Springer. стр. 32. ISBN 978-0-306-46257-3.
[10]
Morris, Neil (2007). North and East Asia. Heinemann-Raintree Library. стр. 11. ISBN 978-1-4034-9898-4.
[11]
Webb, Andrew Alexander Gordon (2007). Contractional and Extensional Tectonics During the India-Asia Collision. ProQuest LLC. стр. 137. ISBN 978-0-549-50627-0.
[12]
Marston, Sallie A.; Paul L. Knox; Diana M. Liverman (2002). World regions in global context: peoples, places, and environments. Prentice Hall. стр. 430. ISBN 978-0-13-022484-2.
[13]
„Natural World: Deserts”. National Geographic. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 1. 2006. г.
[14]
Leslie Hook (30. 8. 2013). „Tibet: life on the climate front line”. Financial Times. Приступљено 1. 9. 2013.
[15]
Liu, Xiaodong; Chen (2000). „Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades”. International Journal of Climatology. 20 (14): 1729—1742. Bibcode:2000IJCli..20.1729L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.5900 . doi:10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::aid-joc556>3.0.co;2-y — преко Academia.edu.
[16]
Ni, Jian (2000). „A Simulation of Biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and Their Responses to Global Climate Change”. Mountain Research and Development. 20 (1): 80—89. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0080:ASOBOT]2.0.CO;2.
[17]
Cheng, Guodong; Wu (8. 6. 2007). „Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (F2): F02S03. Bibcode:2007JGRF..112.2S03C. S2CID 14450823. doi:10.1029/2006JF000631.

Remove ads

Hopkirk, Peter (1983). Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Secret Exploration of Tibet. J. P. Tarcher. ISBN 978-0-87477-257-9.
Brantingham, P. J. & Xing, G. (2006). „Peopling of the northern Tibetan Plateau”. World Archaeology. 38 (3): 387—414. S2CID 13534630. doi:10.1080/00438240600813301.
Achache, José; Courtillot, Vincent; Xiu, Zhou Yao (1984). „Paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of southern Tibet since Middle Cretaceous time: New paleomagnetic data and synthesis”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 89 (B12): 10311—10340. Bibcode:1984JGR....8910311A. doi:10.1029/JB089iB12p10311.
Besse, J.; Courtillot, V.; Pozzi, J.P.; Westphal, M.; Zhou, Y.X. (18. 10. 1984). „Palaeomagnetic estimates of crustal shortening in the Himalayan thrusts and Zangbo Suture”. Nature. 311 (5987): 621—626. Bibcode:1984Natur.311..621B. doi:10.1038/311621a0.
Besse, Jean; Courtillot, Vincent (10. 10. 1988). „Paleogeographic maps of the continents bordering the Indian Ocean since the Early Jurassic”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 93 (B10): 11791—11808. Bibcode:1988JGR....9311791B. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JB093iB10p11791.
Bingham, Douglas K.; Klootwijk, Chris T. (27. 3. 1980). „Palaeomagnetic constraints on Greater India's underthrusting of the Tibetan Plateau”. Nature. 284 (5754): 336—338. Bibcode:1980Natur.284..336B. doi:10.1038/284336a0.
Blanford, W.T.; Medlicott, H.B. (1879). „A manual of the geology of India”. Nature. Calcutta. 20 (504): 191. Bibcode:1879Natur..20..191H. doi:10.1038/020191a0.
Brookfield, M.E. (1993). „The Himalaya passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous times”. Sedimentary Geology. 84 (1–4): 1—35. Bibcode:1993SedG...84....1B. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(93)90042-4.
Burbank, Douglas W.; Leland, John; Fielding, Eric; Anderson, Robert S.; Brozovic, Nicholas; Reid, Mary R.; Duncan, Christopher (8. 2. 1996). „Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas”. Nature. 379 (6565): 505—510. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..505B. doi:10.1038/379505a0.
Dewey, J.F. (1988). „Extensional collapse of orogens”. Tectonics. 7 (6): 1123—1139. Bibcode:1988Tecto...7.1123D. doi:10.1029/TC007i006p01123.
Dewey, J.F.; Cande, S.; Pitman III, W.C. (1989). „Tectonic evolution of the Indian/Eurasia Collision Zone”. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 82 (3): 717—734.
Dèzes, Pierre (1999). Tectonic and metamorphic Evolution of the Central Himalayan Domain in Southeast Zanskar (Kashmir, India). Mémoires de Géologie (Теза). 32. University of Lausanne. стр. 149. ISSN 1015-3578.
Ding, Lin; Kapp, Paul; Wan, Xiaoqiao (6. 5. 2005). „Paleocene-Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision, south central Tibet”. Tectonics. 24 (3): TC3001. Bibcode:2005Tecto..24.3001D. S2CID 39124270. doi:10.1029/2004TC001729.
Le Fort, P.; Cronin, V. S. (1. 9. 1988). „Granites in the Tectonic Evolution of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Southern Tibet”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 326 (1589): 281—299. Bibcode:1988RSPTA.326..281F. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0088.
Frank, W.; Gansser, A.; Trommsdorff, V. (1977). „Geological observations in the Ladakh area (Himalayas); a preliminary report”. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen Bulletin. 57 (1): 89—113.
Girard, M.; Bussy, F. (1998). „Late Pan-African magmatism in Himalaya: new geochronological and geochemical data from the Ordovician Tso Morari metagranites (Ladakh, NW India)”. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen Bulletin. 79: 399—418.
Heim, A.; Gansser, A. (1939). „Central Himalaya; geological observations of the Swiss expedition 1936”. Schweizer. Naturf. Ges., Denksch. 73 (1): 245.
Klootwijk, C.T.; Conaghan, P.J.; Powell, C.McA. (октобар 1985). „The Himalayan Arc: large-scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and back-arc spreading”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 75 (2–3): 167—183. Bibcode:1985E&PSL..75..167K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(85)90099-8.
Klootwijk, Chris T.; Gee, Jeff S.; Peirce, John W.; Smith, Guy M.; McFadden, Phil L. (мај 1992). „An early India-Asia contact: Paleomagnetic constraints from Ninetyeast Ridge, ODP Leg 121”. Geology. 20 (5): 395—398. Bibcode:1992Geo....20..395K. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0395:AEIACP>2.3.CO;2.
Molnar, P.; Tapponnier, P. (1975). „Cenozoic tectonics of Asia; effects of a continental collision”. Science. 189 (4201): 419—426. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..419M. PMID 17781869. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.419.
Patriat, Philippe; Achache, José (18. 10. 1984). „India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates”. Nature. 311 (5987): 615—621. Bibcode:1984Natur.311..615P. doi:10.1038/311615a0.
Le Pichon, Xavier; Fournier, Marc; Jolivet, Laurent (1992). „Kinematics, topography, shortening, and extrusion in the India-Eurasia collision”. Tectonics. 11 (6): 1085—1098. Bibcode:1992Tecto..11.1085L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.635.2173 . doi:10.1029/92TC01566.
Ricou, L.M. (1994). „Tethys reconstructed: plates, continental fragments and their Boundaries since 260 Ma from Central America to South-eastern Asia”. Geodinamica Acta. 7 (4): 169—218. doi:10.1080/09853111.1994.11105266.
Stampfli, G.M.; Mosar, J.; Favre, P.; Pillevuit, A.; Vannay, J.-C. (1998). „Permo-Triassic evolution of the western Tethyan realm: the Neotethys/east-Mediterranean basin connection”. PeriThetys. 3.
Stampfli, G.M. (2000). E. Bozkurt; J.A. Winchester; J.D.A. Piper, ур. „Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and surrounding area”. Geological Society of London, Special Publications. 173: 1—23. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.01.
Stampfli, G.M.; Mosar, J.; Favre, P.; Pillevuit, A.; Vannay, J.-C. (2001). „Permo-Mesozoic evolution of the western Tethyan realm: the Neotethys/East- Mediterranean connection”. Ур.: P.A. Ziegler; W. Cavazza; A.H.F. Robertson; S. Crasquin-Soleau. PeriTethys memoir 6: Peritethyan rift/wrench basins and passive margins. IGCP 369. Mém. Museum Nat. Hist. Nat. 186. стр. 51—108.
Stampfli, G.M.; Borel, G.D. (28. 2. 2002). „A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 196 (1): 17—33. Bibcode:2002E&PSL.196...17S. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X.
Stampfli, GM; Borel, GD (2004). „The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain”. Ур.: Cavazza W; Roure F; Spakman W; Stampfli GM; Ziegler P. The TRANSMED Atlas: the Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle. Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-22181-4.
Steck, A.; Spring, L.; Vannay, J.C.; Masson, H.; Stutz, E.; Bucher, H.; Marchant, R.; Tièche, J.C. (1993). „Geological Transect Across the Northwestern Himalaya in eastern Ladakh and Lahul (A Model for the Continental Collision of India and Asia)” (PDF). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 86 (1): 219—263.
Steck, A.; Spring, L.; Vannay, J.C.; Masson, H.; Bucher, H.; Stutz, E.; Marchant, R.; Tieche, J.C. (1993). Treloar, P. J.; Searle, M. P., ур. „The tectonic evolution of the northwestern Himalaya in eastern Ladakh and Lahul, India, in Himalayan Tectonics”. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 74 (1): 265—276. Bibcode:1993GSLSP..74..265S. ISSN 0305-8719. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.074.01.19.
Yin, An (мај 2006). „Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation”. Earth-Science Reviews. 76 (1–2): 1—131. Bibcode:2006ESRv...76....1Y. ISSN 0012-8252. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004.

Remove ads

ON THINNER ICE 如履薄冰 (by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm)
The Third Pole: Understanding Asia's Water Crisis
„The End of Earth's Summer”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 07. 2002. г.
Long Rivers and Distant Sources
„"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped”. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 10. 2012. г.
Plateau Perspectives (international NGO)
„Leaf morphology and the timing of the rise of the Tibetan Plateau”. Архивирано из оригинала 21. 07. 2003. г.
„Protected areas of the Tibetan Plateau region”. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 05. 2007. г.
„North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert”. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Photos of Tibetan nomads
„"Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped”. Архивирано из оригинала 01. 05. 1997. г.
„Contemporary lifestyle and language learning center from Tibet lhasa, the official language of Tibetan. podcast.”. Архивирано из оригинала 01. 02. 2015. г.
Tibetan History-The true history of any region cannot be fully understood without knowing the basic characteristics of a region and of its inhabitants

Remove ads

[1] [1]
Wang, Zhaoyin; Li, Zhiwei; Xu, Mengzhen; Yu, Guoan (30. 3. 2016). River Morphodynamics and Stream Ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. CRC Press.

[2] [2]
Jones, J.A.; Liu, Changming; Woo, Ming-Ko; Kung, Hsiang-Te (6. 12. 2012). Regional Hydrological Response to Climate Change. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 360.

[3] [3]
„हिमालयी क्षेत्र में जीवन यापन पर रिसर्च करेंगे अमेरिका और भारत”. Amar Ujala (на језику: хинди). Приступљено 2023-07-25.

[4] [4]
„In Little Tibet, a story of how displaced people rebuilt life in a distant land”. 18. 2. 2020.

[5] [5]
Illustrated Atlas of the World (1986) Rand McNally & Company. 0-528-83190-9 pp. 164–65

[6] [6]
Atlas of World History (1998 ) HarperCollins. 0-7230-1025-0 p. 39

[7] [7]
„The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (Christopher Beckwith)”. Приступљено 19. 2. 2009.

[8] [8]
Hopkirk 1983, стр. 1

[9] [9]
Peregrine, Peter Neal & Melvin Ember, etc. (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory: East Asia and Oceania, Volume 3. Springer. стр. 32. ISBN 978-0-306-46257-3.

[10] [10]
Morris, Neil (2007). North and East Asia. Heinemann-Raintree Library. стр. 11. ISBN 978-1-4034-9898-4.

[11] [11]
Webb, Andrew Alexander Gordon (2007). Contractional and Extensional Tectonics During the India-Asia Collision. ProQuest LLC. стр. 137. ISBN 978-0-549-50627-0.

[12] [12]
Marston, Sallie A.; Paul L. Knox; Diana M. Liverman (2002). World regions in global context: peoples, places, and environments. Prentice Hall. стр. 430. ISBN 978-0-13-022484-2.

[13] [13]
„Natural World: Deserts”. National Geographic. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 1. 2006. г.

[FT83013-14] [14]
Leslie Hook (30. 8. 2013). „Tibet: life on the climate front line”. Financial Times. Приступљено 1. 9. 2013.

[15] [15]
Liu, Xiaodong; Chen (2000). „Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades”. International Journal of Climatology. 20 (14): 1729—1742. Bibcode:2000IJCli..20.1729L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.5900 . doi:10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::aid-joc556>3.0.co;2-y — преко Academia.edu.

[16] [16]
Ni, Jian (2000). „A Simulation of Biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and Their Responses to Global Climate Change”. Mountain Research and Development. 20 (1): 80—89. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0080:ASOBOT]2.0.CO;2.

[17] [17]
Cheng, Guodong; Wu (8. 6. 2007). „Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (F2): F02S03. Bibcode:2007JGRF..112.2S03C. S2CID 14450823. doi:10.1029/2006JF000631.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

Tibetanska visoravan

Wikiwand in your browser!

Tibetanska visoravan

Wikiwand in your browser!

Reference

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

Tibetanska visoravan
青藏高原 (Qīng–Zàng Gāoyuán, Ćinghaj–Tibetanska visoravan)

Najviša tačka
Najviša tačka	Tibetanska visoravan leži između himalajskog venca na jugu i pustinje Takla Makan na severu. (kompozitna slika)
Koordinate	33° SGŠ; 88° IGD
Dimenzije
Dužina	2500 km
Širina	1000 km
Površina	2500000 km²
Geografija
Tibetanska visoravan i okolna oblast iznad 1600 m
Države	Kina (Tibet, Ćinghaj, Zapadni Sičuan, Severni Junan, Južni Sinkjang, Zapadni Gansu) Indija (Ladak, Lahaul & Spiti), Pakistan (Gilgit Baltistan) Nepal (Severni Nepal) Butan Tadžikistan (Istočni Tadžikistan) Kirgistan (Južni Kirgistan)