Istorija nauke

Istorija nauke je studija istorijskog razvoja ljudskog razumevanja prirodnog sveta i domena društvenih nauka. Do kasnog 20-tog veka istorija nauke, posebno fizičkih i bioloških nauka, je imala status narativa koji slavi trijumf korektnih teorija nad nekorektnima.^[1] Nauka je predstavljana kao glavna dimenzija napretka civilizacije. Zadnjih dekada, postmoderni pogledi su uzeli maha. To su gledišta koja daju istoriji status kompletirajućeg paradigma ili konceptualnog sistema. Posebno je jak uticaj Tomasa Kuna, Struktura naučnih revolucija (1962). Po Kunu^[2] svaka nova paradigma prepisuje istoriju nauke da bi prestavila putem selekcije i distorzija bivše gledište kao svog prethodnika.

Nauka se sastoji od empirijskog, teoretskog, i praktičnog znanja o prirodnom svetu, proizvedenog putem istraživanja primenom naučnih metoda, što naglašava zapažanje, objašnjavanje, i predviđanje realnih fenomena putem eksperimenta. Uzimajući u obzir dualni status nauke kao objektivnog znanja i ljudskog konstrakta, dobra istorografija nauke se zasniva na istorijskim metodima intelektualne i društvene istorije. Utvrđivanje tačnog porekla moderne nauke je moguće upotrebom mnogih važnih tekstova koji su sačuvani još od doba klasičnog sveta. Međutim, reč naučnik je relativno nova — skovao ju je Vilijam Vevel u 19-tom veku. Pre toga su se ljudi koji istražuju prirodu nazivali prirodni filozofi. Dok su empirijska istraživanja prirodnog sveta bila opisivana od doba klasične antike (na primer, Tales, Aristotel, i drugi), i dok su naučni metodi bili u upotrebi od srednjeg veka (npr., od strane Ibn al-Haitama, Ebu Rahim el-Birunija i Rodžera Bejkona), početak moderne nauke se generalno vezuje za rani moderni period, od takozvane Naučne revolucije do koje je došlo tokom 16-tog i 17-tog veka u Evropi. Naučni metodi se smatraju fundamentalnom komponentom moderne nauke i neki, a posebno posebno naučni filozofi i praktičari smatraju ranija ispitivanja prirode pre naučnim.^[3] Tradicionalno, istoričari nauke su definisali nauku dovoljno široko da obuhvati ta ispitivanja.^[4]

Najraniji koreni nauke mogu se pratiti u starom Egiptu i Mesopotamiji u periodu od 3000. do 1200. godine pre nove ere.^[5]^[6] Njihovi doprinosi matematici, astronomiji i medicini ušli su i oblikovali grčku prirodnu filozofiju klasične antike, pri čemu su učinjeni formalni pokušaji da se daju objašnjenja događaja u fizičkom svetu zasnovana na prirodnim uzrocima.^[5]^[6] Nakon pada Zapadnog rimskog carstva, nivo znanja o grčkim shvatanjima sveta opao je u Zapadnoj Evropi u kojoj se govolo latinski tokom ranih vekova (400. do 1000) srednjeg veka,^[7] ali je nastavilo da napreduje u grčkom govornom području u Istočnom rimskom (ili vizantijskom) carstvu. Uz pomoć prevoda grčkih tekstova, helenistički pogled na svet je sačuvan i apsorbovan u muslimanski svet arapskog govornog područja tokom islamskog zlatnog doba.^[8] Obnavljanje i asimilacija grčkih dela i islamskih istraživanja Zapadne Evrope od 10. do 13. veka oživelo je učenje prirodne filozofije na Zapadu.^[7]^[9]

[1]
Cohen, Eliel (2021). „The boundary lens: theorising academic activity”. The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century 1st Edition. New York, New York: Routledge. стр. 14—41. ISBN 978-0367562984. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 5. 2021. г. Приступљено 8. 6. 2021.
[2]
Kuhn, Th., 1962, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", University of Chicago Press, pp. 137: “Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific.”
[3]
[4]
"For our purpose, science may be defined as ordered knowledge of natural phenomena and of the relations between them." William Cecil Dampier - Whetham, "Science", in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc, 1911); "Science comprises, first, the orderly and systematic comprehension, description and/or explanation of natural phenomena and, secondly, the [mathematical and logical] tools necessary for the undertaking." Marshall Clagett, Greek Science in Antiquity. New York: Collier Books. 1955.; "Science is a systematic explanation of perceived or imaginary phenomena, or else is based on such an explanation. Mathematics finds a place in science only as one of the symbolical languages in which scientific explanations may be expressed." David Pingree, "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science," Isis 83, 559 (1982); Pat Munday, entry "History of Science," New Dictionary of the History of Ideas (Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005).
[5]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „Science before the Greeks”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 1–20. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
[6]
Grant, Edward (2007). „Ancient Egypt to Plato”. A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century (First изд.). New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. стр. 1–26. ISBN 978-052-1-68957-1.
[7]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „The revival of learning in the West”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 193–224. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
[8]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „Islamic science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 163–92. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
[9]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 225–53. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.

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[cohen2021-1] [1]
Cohen, Eliel (2021). „The boundary lens: theorising academic activity”. The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century 1st Edition. New York, New York: Routledge. стр. 14—41. ISBN 978-0367562984. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 5. 2021. г. Приступљено 8. 6. 2021.

[2] [2]
Kuhn, Th., 1962, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", University of Chicago Press, pp. 137: “Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific.”

[3] [3]

[4] [4]
"For our purpose, science may be defined as ordered knowledge of natural phenomena and of the relations between them." William Cecil Dampier - Whetham, "Science", in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc, 1911); "Science comprises, first, the orderly and systematic comprehension, description and/or explanation of natural phenomena and, secondly, the [mathematical and logical] tools necessary for the undertaking." Marshall Clagett, Greek Science in Antiquity. New York: Collier Books. 1955.; "Science is a systematic explanation of perceived or imaginary phenomena, or else is based on such an explanation. Mathematics finds a place in science only as one of the symbolical languages in which scientific explanations may be expressed." David Pingree, "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science," Isis 83, 559 (1982); Pat Munday, entry "History of Science," New Dictionary of the History of Ideas (Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005).

[lindberg2007a-5] [5]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „Science before the Greeks”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 1–20. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.

[Grant2007a-6] [6]
Grant, Edward (2007). „Ancient Egypt to Plato”. A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century (First изд.). New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. стр. 1–26. ISBN 978-052-1-68957-1.

[lindberg2007i-7] [7]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „The revival of learning in the West”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 193–224. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.

[lindberg2007h-8] [8]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „Islamic science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 163–92. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.

[lindberg2007j-9] [9]
Lindberg, David C. (2007). „The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd изд.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. стр. 225–53. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.

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Istorija nauke

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