Pokret za građanska prava

Pokret za građanska prava (engl. ) je izraz kojim se u kontekstu istorije SAD označavaju nastojanja da se propagandom, agitacijom, demonstracijama, političkim lobiranjem i brojnim drugim, u pravilu nenasilnim akcijama kao što su demonstracije i bojkoti, izbore građanska prava za pripadnike crne, odnosno afroameričke zajednice u SAD, te ukine dotada institucionalna rasna segregacija i diskriminacija, te afroamerički državljani SAD izjednače u svojim pravima sa većinskim belcima.

Glavne ličnosti pokreta za građanska prava: Vilijam Edvard Bergart, Malkolm Iks, Roza Parks, Martin Luter King

U užem smislu se pod tim podrazumeva kampanja koja se od sredine 1950-ih do kraja 1960-ih vodila, pretežno u državama američkog Juga, sa ciljem da se ukinu tzv. zakoni Džima Kroua koji su na razne, najčešće posredne načine, crnom stanovništvu sprečavali politički angažman, propisivala de jure rasna segracija, a crnačko stanovništvo de facto stavljalo u neravnopravan i podređen socioekonomski položaj. Ona je pod vodstvom crnog baptističkog svećenika Martina Lutera Kinga, uprkos izrazitog neprijateljstva Demokratske stranke koja je dominirala američkim Jugom, a u nekim slučajevima i nasilnih i terorističkih akcija od strane lokalnih rasista,^[1] s vremenom uspela steći široku podršku te sredinom 1960-ih podstaknuti Džonsonovu federalnu administraciju i Kongres da donesu niz dalekosežnih zakona kojima su zakoni Džima Kroua ukinuti.^[2] Tako je afroameričko stanovništvo u SAD u formalnom smislu potpuno izjednačeno s belim, ali su Kingova kasnija nastojanja da se položaj crnaca poboljša u ekonomskom pogledu doživela neuspeh,^[3] odnosno koincidirala s nizom krvavih rasnih nereda i radikalizacijom unutar same crnačke zajednice koja će dodatno eskalirati nakon Kingovog ubistva 1968. godine. Uprkos tome, uspeh tog pokreta često se uspoređuje s dostignućima ranijeg pokreta za indijsku nezavisnost, odnosno dokazom kako se i najradikalnija društvena promena može postići mirnim putem, pa su brojni slični pokreti uzimali njega kao uzor, a za što je najnoviji primer pokret za LGBT prava.

Pokret za građanska prava u SAD se često smešta u širi kontekst globalnog pokreta za građanska prava koji od sredine 20. veka postoji u gotovo svim zemljama sveta. Mnoge popularne reprezentacije pokreta usredsređene su na harizmatično vođstvo i filozofiju Martina Lutera Kinga mlađeg, koji je dobio Nobelovu nagradu za mir 1964. godine za ulogu u nenasilnom moralnom vođstvu. Međutim, neki naučnici primećuju da je pokret bio previše raznolik da bi se mogao pripisati bilo kojoj osobi, organizaciji ili strategiji.^[4]

Vidi još

• Marš na Washington 1963
• Renesansa iz Harlema

Reference

1. II, Vann R. Newkirk. „How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today”. The Atlantic. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 7. 2017. г. Приступљено 3. 7. 2017.
2. „Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw”. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 7. 2016.
3. Haines, Herbert H. (1995). Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970 (на језику: енглески). University of Tennessee Press. стр. 98—118. ISBN 978-1-57233-260-7.
4. Timothy B. Tyson, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," Journal of American History 85, No. 2 (September 1998): 540–570

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