Chitai (mu Chitai: ภาษาไทย) kana Chisiyamu munhoroondo, mutauro weChitai uri mumhuri yemutauro weTai-Kadhai unotaurwa nevanhu veTai yePakati uye ruzhinji rweTai-Chayina. Ndiwo wega mutauro wepamutemo weVutai (kana Tairendi).[1][2]
Tai ndiwo mutauro unonyanyotaurwa pamitauro 60 inotaurwa muVutai nenhamba yevatauri veko uye vatauri vese. Inopfuura hafu yemazwi ayo anotorwa kubva kana kukweretwa kubva kuPali, Sanskrit, Mon[3] uye chiKhmer cheKare. Mutauro we tonal uye wekuongorora, wakafanana ne Chichayina ne Chivhiyetinamu.
Ruambainzwi
Zvinz
on (1993:25)
| Front | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | /i/
-ิ |
/iː/
-ี |
/ɯ/
-ึ |
/ɯː/
-ื- |
/u/
-ุ |
/uː/
-ู |
| Mid | /e/
เ-ะ |
/eː/
เ- |
/ɤ/
เ-อะ |
/ɤː/
เ-อ |
/o/
โ-ะ |
/oː/
โ- |
| Low | /ɛ/
แ-ะ |
/ɛː/
แ- |
/a/
-ะ, -ั- |
/aː/
-า |
/ɔ/
เ-าะ |
/ɔː/
-อ |
Mavhawero ega ega aripo mumapatya mapfupi-akareba: aya mafonemesi akasiyana anoumba mazwi asina hukama muchiThai, asi kazhinji anoturikirwa zvakafanana: เขา (khao) zvinoreva "iye" kana "iye", ukuwo ขาว (khao) zvinoreva "chena".
Iwo marefu-pfupi mapeya ndeaya anotevera:
| Long | Short | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thai | IPA | Example | Thai | IPA | Example | ||||
| –า | /aː/ | ฝาน | /fǎːn/ | 'to slice' | –ะ | /a/ | ฝัน | /fǎn/ | 'to dream' |
| –ี | /iː/ | กรีด | /krìːt/ | 'to cut' | –ิ | /i/ | กริช | /krìt/ | 'kris' |
| –ู | /uː/ | สูด | /sùːt/ | 'to inhale' | –ุ | /u/ | สุด | /sùt/ | 'rearmost' |
| เ– | /eː/ | เอน | /ʔēːn/ | 'to recline' | เ–ะ | /e/ | เอ็น | /ʔēn/ | 'tendon, ligament' |
| แ– | /ɛː/ | แพ้ | /pʰɛ́ː/ | 'to be defeated' | แ–ะ | /ɛ/ | แพะ | /pʰɛ́ʔ/ | 'goat' |
| –ื- | /ɯː/ | คลื่น | /kʰlɯ̂ːn/ | 'wave' | –ึ | /ɯ/ | ขึ้น | /kʰɯ̂n/ | 'to go up' |
| เ–อ | /ɤː/ | เดิน | /dɤ̄ːn/ | 'to walk' | เ–อะ | /ɤ/ | เงิน | /ŋɤ̄n/ | 'silver' |
| โ– | /oː/ | โค่น | /kʰôːn/ | 'to fell' | โ–ะ | /o/ | ข้น | /kʰôn/ | 'thick (soup)' |
| –อ | /ɔː/ | กลอง | /klɔːŋ/ | 'drum' | เ–าะ | /ɔ/ | กล่อง | /klɔ̀ŋ/ | 'box' |
Kune zvakare kuvhura nekuvhara diphthong muThai, iyo Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993) vanoongorora sepazasi /Vj/ uye /Vw/. Nechinangwa chekutarisa toni, izvo zvakamisikidzwa neasterisk dzimwe nguva zvinorongwa kureba:
| Long | Short | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Thai script | IPA | Thai script | IPA |
| –าย | /aːj/ | ไ–*, ใ–*, ไ–ย, -ัย | /aj/ |
| –าว | /aːw/ | เ–า* | /aw/ |
| เ–ีย | /iːə/ | เ–ียะ | /iə/ |
| – | – | –ิว | /iw/ |
| –ัว | /uːə/ | –ัวะ | /uə/ |
| –ูย | /uːj/ | –ุย | /uj/ |
| เ–ว | /eːw/ | เ–็ว | /ew/ |
| แ–ว | /ɛːw/ | – | – |
| เ–ือ | /ɯːə/ | เ–ือะ | /ɯə/ |
| เ–ย | /ɤːj/ | – | – |
| –อย | /ɔːj/ | – | – |
| โ–ย | /oːj/ | – | – |
Uyezve, kune matatu matatu matatu matatu. Nechinangwa chekutarisa toni, izvo zvakamisikidzwa neasterisk dzimwe nguva zvinorongwa kureba:
| Thai script | IPA |
|---|---|
| เ–ียว* | /iəw/ |
| –วย* | /uəj/ |
| เ–ือย* | /ɯəj/ |
Manzwi
Pane manzwi mashanu efonemic: pakati, pasi, kudonha, kumusoro, uye kusimuka, dzimwe nguva kunotaurwa mumabhuku ekare erectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus, uye demissus, zvichiteerana.[14] Tafura inoratidza muenzaniso wezvose zviri zviviri toni dzefoniki nekuziva kwavo fonetiki, muIPA.
Zvinembo:
- Kukosha kwetoni yemazinga mashanu: Pakati [33], Pazasi [21], Kudonha [43], Kumusoro [44], Kusimuka [323]. Nechinyakare, toni yakakwirira yakanyorwa senge [44] kana [45]. Izvi zvinoramba zviri chokwadi kuchizvarwa chekare, asi inzwi repamusoro riri kuchinja kusvika [334] pakati pevaduku
- Nezve diachronic shanduko yetoni kukosha, ndapota ona Pittayaporn (2007).
- Mazwi akazara ematoni anongowanikwa mune anodaidzwa kuti "masyllables mhenyu", ayo anopera nevhawero refu kana sonorant (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /j/, /w/).
- Kune "masyllables akafa", ayo anoguma ne plosive (/p/, /t/, /k/) kana muvhawero pfupi, misiyano mitatu yetoni inogoneka: yakaderera, yakakwirira, uye inodonha. Nemhaka yokuti masirabhi akaongororwa seanoguma nevhawero pfupi angave ane glottal stop yekupedzisira (kunyanya mukutaura kunononoka), ose "masyllables akafa" anotariswa nefonetiki, uye ane kuderedzwa kwetoni inventory yemavara akaongororwa.
Masiribho asina kuchekwa
| Inzwi | Chitai | Enzano | Fonemiki | Fonetiki | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mid | สามัญ | คา | /kʰāː/ | [kʰaː˧] | stick |
| low | เอก | ข่า | /kʰàː/ | [kʰaː˨˩] or [kʰaː˩] | galangal |
| falling | โท | ค่า | /kʰâː/ | [kʰaː˥˩] | value |
| high | ตรี | ค้า | /kʰáː/ | [kʰaː˦˥] or [kʰaː˥] | to trade |
| rising | จัตวา | ขา | /kʰǎː/ | [kʰaː˩˩˦] or [kʰaː˩˦] | leg |
Masiribho akachekwa
| Inzwi | Chitai | Enzano | Fonemiki | Fonitiki | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| low (short vowel) | เอก | หมัก | /màk/ | [mak̚˨˩] | marinate |
| low (long vowel) | เอก | หมาก | /màːk/ | [maːk̚˨˩] | areca nut, areca palm, betel, fruit |
| high | ตรี | มัก | /mák/ | [mak̚˦˥] | habitually, likely to |
| falling | โท | มาก | /mâːk/ | [maːk̚˥˩] | a lot, abundance, many |
Mune mamwe mazwi echikwereti echiRungu, masirabhi akavharika ane mavhawero marefu anopera nezwi risinganzwisisike, ane inzwi repamusoro, uye masirabhuri akavharika ane mavhawero mapfupi anoguma nezwi rakabvongodza ane inzwi rekudonha.
| Tone | Thai | Example | Phonemic | Phonetic | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | ตรี | มาร์ก | /máːk/ | [maːk̚˦˥] | Marc, Mark |
| high | ตรี | สตาร์ต | /sa.táːt/ | [sa.taːt̚˦˥] | start |
| high | ตรี | บาส(เกตบอล) | /báːt(.kêt.bɔ̄n)/1 | [baːt̚˦˥(.ket̚˥˩.bɔn˧)] | basketball |
| falling | โท | เมกอัป | /méːk.ʔâp/ | [meːk̚˦˥.ʔap̚˥˩] | make-up |
1 May be /báːs.kêt.bɔ̄l/ in educated speech.
Mabviro eruzivo
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