Chayina ( neChiChayina: 中国), zviri pamutemo inonzi Rudhende RweVanhu VeChayina, inyika iri kumabvazuva kweEzhiya. Ndiyo nyika yechipiri ine vanhu vakawanda pasi rose. Nyika yeChayina ine vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni 1.4. Nenzvimbo inosvika 9.6 million square kilometres (3,700,000 sq mi), inyika yechitatu pakukura. Nyika yakakamurwa kuita matunhu makumi maviri nemaviri, matunhu mashanu anozvitonga, maminisipariti mana, uye maSpecial Administrative Regions maviri. Beijing ndiro guta guru renyika, nepo Shanghai ndiro guta rine vanhu vakawanda kudarika maguta ese uyewo ndiyo nzvimbo inoona nezvemari munyika.
Nzvimbo iyi yakagarwa kubva panguva yePaleolithic . Madzinza ekutangisisa, dzakaita seShang neZhou, dzakabuda mubheseni yeRwizi Shava pamberi pekupera kwemireniyamu yechipiri, Kristu asati afa pamuchinjikwa. Zvimwe zvezvakabudirira zvikuru zveChayina sekugadzirwa kweunga nemapepa, mavambo emugwakwa weSirika, uye kuvakwa kweRusvingo Guru —zvakaitika panguva iyi. Tsika dzehumambo dzeChayina (kusanganisira mitauro, zvivakwa, ruzivo nezvimwe) - dzakapesvedzerwa zvakanyaya neMabvazuva Ezhiya.
Chayina inyika inotongwa nebato rinoona nezvematongerwo enyika rimwe chete. Ndiyo imwe yenhengo yeKanzuru yeChengetedzi neDziviriro yeMubatanidzwa weNyika dzepasi rese. Zvakare, inhengo yeBRICS, G20, APEC, SCO, uye Musangano weMabvazuva Ezhiya. Chayina haina kumira zvakanaka pazviyero zvegutsaruzhinji uye kodzero dzevanhu, kusanganisira rusununguko rwevatapi venhau, rusununguko rwechitendero uye kuenzana kwemarudzi.. Chayina ndiyo nyika ine hupfumi hukuru hwepasi rese kana tichiongoroora panyaya dzeGDP, panyaya dzepurchasing power parity. Nyika iyi inoshandisawo zvombo zvenyukiriya, uye ndiyo nyika yekutanga pane uhwandu hwemasoja uye ndiyo nyika yechipiri pabhajeti yemasoja.
Kuwanikwa kwezita
Zita rekuti "Chayina" yakavambwa muChirungu (China) mumakore e1500, asi zita iri raisashandiswa nemaChayina munguva iyi. Zita iri rinofungidzirwa kuti rakavambwao nemaPutukeza, nevanhu verudzi rwechiMarayi, uye nevePezhiya. MaPezhiya akavamba zita iri mururimi rweChiSanisikiriti neizwi rekuti Cīna. Zita iri rakawanikwawo muturikiro raRichard Eden reDhayari remuPutukezi Duarte Barbosa. Kushandiswa kweizwi iri kwaBarbosa kwabva muizwi reChiPezvhiya Chīn, rakabvawo muizwi reChiSanisikiriti rinonziwo Chīn. Cina yakashandiswawo muGwaro reChiHindu repasichichigare, uyewo Mahābhārata, nemuMitemo yaMunu.
Zita repamutemo renyika iRudhende rweVanhu veChayina muChiChayina: 中华人民共和国). Papfupi, nyika iyi inonziChayina paChiShona. Izwi reChayina rinobva mune izwi reChiRungu (ChiRungu: China; ChiChayina: 中国).
Taranyika
Mamiriro ekunze kwenguva yakareba
Mamiriro ekunze eChina anonyanya kutungamirwa nemwaka wechirimo uye nguva yekuti mvura inonaya yakawanda, izvo zvinotungamira kune kusanduka kukuru kwekupisa pakati pechando nezhizha. Mumwaka wechando, mhepo yekuchamhembe inobva kunzvimbo dziri kumusoro-soro inotonhodza zvakanyanya, uye mhepo inobva kumaodzanyemba inenge ichipisirira.
Zvivakwa
Zvitendero
■ Chitendero CheChiVanhu CheChayina (inosanganisira ChiConfucianism, ChiTao, neChiBhudha cheChayina)
■ ChiBhudha
■ ChiIslam
■ Zvitendero zveChivanhu emadzinza madiki
■ Chitendero cheChiVanhu cheMongoria
■ Chitendero cheChiVanhu cheChamhembe-Maodzanyemba Chayina yakapesvedzerwa nevaTungu, vaManchu nevaShanrendao
Hurumende yeChayina neBato reChinese Communist Party inotsigira kusatendera munaMwari, uye vakaita mushandirapamwe hwekupikisa vanhu vane zvitendero. Nyaya dzechitendero munyika dzinotariswa neBato re CCP United Front Work Department . [1] Rusununguko rwechitendero runovimbiswa uye runobvumidzwa nebumbiro remutemo reChina, kunyange zvazvo misangano yezvitendero isina mvumo yepamutemo, zvichireva kuti vanokwanisa kusungwa ne hurumende nekuda kwenyaya iroro. [2] [3]
Manhamba akajeka anoratidza kutendera muchitendero muChayina kunonetsa sezvo kutsanangudzwa kweizwi rekuti "chitendero" chinombosiyana nekuda kwekusarongeka kweZvitendero ZveChiVanhu. Nyanzvi dzinoona kuti muChaiyna hamuna muganhu hunonyatsooneka pakati pedzidziso nhatu dzezvitendero netsika dzevanhu. Ongororo yakaitwa mugore ra2015 neGallup International yakawana kuti 61% yevanhu vakaongororwa vanoti "havatenderi munaMwari", kunyangwe zvitendero zveChiVanhu kana mamwe matinji avo achitsanangurwa seasiri aMwari uye zvitendero zveChiVanhu, sezvo vasingatendi izvozvo. Kusika kwehumwari kunopfuura zvachose, asi kune zvakasikwa munyika uye kunyanya mumunhu. Imwe ongororo yakaitwawo muna2014, yakaona kuti 74% havatenderi munaMwari kana kuti vanoita zveChiVanhu, 16% maBhudha, 2% maKristu, 1% maMuslim, uye 8% vanoomerera kune zvimwe zvitendero zvinosanganisira maTao uye ruponeso rwevanhu . [4] Pamusoro pemaitiro ezvitendero zvevanhu veHan, kunewo mapoka emadzinza maduku akasiyana-siyana anochengeta zvitendero zvavo zveChiVanhu. Zvitendero zveChiVanhu nhasi zvinoumba 2-3% yehuwandu, nepo ChiConfucianism chinonyanyowanikawo mune vanhu veuchenjeri.
Tsika neMagariro
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