North Sea Germanic

North Sea Germanic, also known as Ingvaeonic /ˌɪŋviːˈɒnɪk/, is a group of West Germanic languages that were first spoken in what is now northern Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark. They were also spread to the British Isles in the Migration Period. The languages were Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon. They have become other languages since then and spread worldwide, especially the modern English language.

North Sea Germanic
Ingvaeonic
Geographic distribution:	Originally the North Sea coast from Friesland to Jutland; today, worldwide
Linguistic classification:	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic
Subdivisions:	Anglo-Frisian Low German
The distribution of the primary Germanic languages in Europe in around AD 1:   North Germanic   North Sea Germanic, or Ingvaeonic   Weser-Rhine Germanic, or Istvaeonic   Elbe Germanic or Irminonic   East Germanic

The grouping was first proposed in Nordgermanen und Alemannen (1942) by German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer as an alternative to the strict tree diagrams, which had become popular following the work of 19th-century linguist August Schleicher and assumed the existence of a special Anglo-Frisian group. The other groupings are Istvaeonic, from the Istvaeones, which developed into Franconian, and Irminonic, from the Irminones, which developed into Upper German.^[1]

Old Ingvaeonic

Is the proto-language for ingvaeonic and your evolution from Proto-West Germanic. Nasal before a fricative became a ogonek in the anterior vowel, example:
munþ → mųþ
unþi → ųþi
uns → ųs Is diffrent from others like Frank; and the dialects of he: Old High Franconian and Old Low Franconian. The Old Ingvaeonic change ō to œ:
Frankō → Francó
the pronunciation became diffrent, look at the pronounce of "Ingƿó": /iŋˈgwɔːː/ → /iŋˈgwɔː/ → /ˈiŋgwɒ/

Characteristics

• Palatalisation of velar consonants before front vowels; while the Anglo-Frisian languages further develop these palatal consonants into continuants like in church, Old Saxon did undergo palatalisation as evidenced by forms like kiennan "know" and kiesur "emperor" (contrast German kennen, Kaiser) as well as ieldan "pay", similar to English yield.^[2]
• Only four unstressed vowels, those being /i~e/, /æ/, /ɑ/, and /o~u/, all of which are short, though only in Early Old English before the loss of unstressed /æ/^[3]
• Lack of i-mutation in s/z-stem plurals; compare Anglian OE lombur "lambs" with OHG lembir^[3]
• The development of Class III weak verbs into a relic class consisting of four verbs (*sagjan "to say", *hugjan "to think", *habjan "to have", *libjan "to live")
• The split of the Class II weak verb ending *-ōn into *-ōjan: converted makōn "to make" into *makōjan^[4]
• Development of a plural ending *-ōs in a-stem nouns.^[5]
• Development of numerous new words, such as the replacement of *newun "nine" with *nigun and *minni "less" (adverb) with *laisi^[6]

Changes originating in Ingvaeonic A, like Old Norse but unlike Gothic and Old High German, include:^[7]

Sources

• Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009). An Introduction to Old Frisian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V. ISBN 978-90-272-3255-7.
• Euler, Wolfram (2013). Das Westgermanische - von der Herausbildung im 3. bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert - Analyse und Rekonstruktion (West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary, London/Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9812110-7-8.
• (in German) Maurer, Friedrich (1942) Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hüneburg.
• Ringe, Donald R. and Taylor, Ann (2014). The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English, vol. II, 632p. ISBN 978-0199207848. Oxford.
• (in German) Sonderegger, Stefan (1979). Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems. Band I: Einführung – Genealogie – Konstanten. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-003570-7.
• Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-728270-X.

References

1. Hans Frede Nielsen, Nordic-West Germanic relations, in: The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages, volume 1 (series: Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft or short HSK 22.1), 2002, p. 558ff., here p. 558f.
2. Fulk 2018, p. 133. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFulk2018 (help)
3. Stiles 2013, p. 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFStiles2013 (help)
4. Ringe & Taylor 2014, p. 161. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRingeTaylor2014 (help)
5. Ringe & Taylor 2014, pp. 162–163. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRingeTaylor2014 (help)
6. Ringe & Taylor 2014, pp. 165–166. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRingeTaylor2014 (help)
7. Stiles 2013, pp. 21–23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFStiles2013 (help)