Michel Foucault

Michel Foucault (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian. He wrote about many topics, and influenced many other thinkers.

Michel Foucault
Foucault in 1974
Born	Paul-Michel Foucault 15 October 1926 Poitiers, France
Died	25 June 1984(1984-06-25) (aged 57) Paris, France
Education	École Normale Supérieure (B.A., 1948; M.A., 1949) Fondation Thiers (Doctoral candidate) University of Paris (B.A., 1949; Specialist diploma, 1952; DrE, 1961)
Notable work	Madness and Civilization (1961) The Birth of the Clinic (1963) The Order of Things (1966) Discipline and Punish (1975) The History of Sexuality (1976)
Partner	Daniel Defert
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy French Nietzscheanism[1] Post-structuralism
Institutions	École Normale Supérieure (1951–55)[2] Université de Lille (1953–54) Uppsala University University of Warsaw Institut français Hamburg [de] University of Clermont-Ferrand Tunis University University of Paris VIII Collège de France University at Buffalo University of California, Berkeley New York University
Doctoral advisor	Georges Canguilhem
Main interests	Ethics, historical epistemology, history of ideas, philosophy of literature, philosophy of technology, political philosophy
Notable ideas	Biopower (biopolitics), disciplinary institution, discourse analysis, discursive formation, dispositif, épistémè, "archaeology", "genealogy", governmentality, heterotopia, gaze, limit-experience, power-knowledge, panopticism, subjectivation (assujettissement), parrhesia, epimeleia heautou, visibilités
Influences Althusser Artaud[3] Bachelard Barthes Bataille[4] Blanchot Canguilhem Deleuze Dumézil Freud Goffman Hegel Heidegger Hyppolite Kant Klages[5] Lagache Marx Merleau-Ponty[6] Montaigne Nietzsche[7] Sade
Influenced Giorgio Agamben Talal Asad Pierre Bourdieu Judith Butler Gilles Deleuze Hubert Dreyfus Stephen Greenblatt Félix Guattari David Halperin Saba Mahmood Paul Rabinow Jacques Rancière Edward Said

Foucault studied institutions such as psychiatric wards, hospitals, schools, and prisons, to figure out how they affected the people living in them. He was gay. He also studied the history of sexuality and, later in his life, wrote about homosexuality.

He is often called a postmodernist or post-structuralist philosopher. Some philosophers claim that some of his ideas were influenced by existentialism. However, Foucault rejected all of these labels.

Early life

Foucault was born in 1926 in Poitiers, France. His father, Paul Foucault, was a surgeon. He attended the Jesuit Collège Saint-Stanislas. After World War II Foucault studied at the École Normale Supérieure. While attending university, he became depressed, and tried to kill himself.

Foucault became very interested in psychology. He got a degree in philosophy and a degree in psychology. Foucault joined the French Communist Party from 1950 to 1953. He left the Communist Party because he was sad about all of the people that Stalin was killing in the Soviet Union.

University professor

In the early 1950s, he taught at the École Normale. Then he began teaching psychology at the University of Lille. In 1954 Foucault published his first book, Maladie mentale et personnalité. In the mid-1950s, he worked at Warsaw University and at the University of Hamburg.

He returned to France in 1960 to become a philosophy professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In the mid-1960s, Foucault moved with his lover to Tunis (in North Africa), and got a job teaching at the University of Tunis. In 1966 he published Les Mots et les choses (The Order of Things), which was very popular. In 1968 he returned to France, where he published L'archéologie du savoir (The Archaeology of Knowledge).

In the late 1960s, after France had huge student protests and riots, the French government created a new experimental university at Vincennes. Foucault became the first head of its philosophy department. Foucault joined students in occupying administration buildings and fighting with police.

In 1970, Foucault became a Professor of the History of Systems of Thought at the Collège de France. His political involvement now increased. His male lover Defert joined the ultra-Maoist Gauche Proletarienne. Foucault then wrote Surveiller et Punir (Discipline and Punish), about prisons and schools.

Final years

In the late 1970s, Foucault wrote books about the history of sexuality. Foucault began to spend more time in the United States, at the University at Buffalo. In 1978 Foucault toured Iran to support the new revolutionary Islamic government. Foucault died of an AIDS-related illness in Paris on 26 June 1984.

Translated writings

The major collections of Foucault's writing translated into English are:

• Language, counter-memory, practice,, which was edited by Donald F. Bouchard (1977)
• Power/Knowledge,, which was edited by Colin Gordon (1980)
• The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow (1984)
• Politics, Philosophy, Culture, edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman (1988)
• Foucault Live (2nd Ed.), edited by Sylvère Lotringer (1996)
• The Politics of Truth, edited by Sylvère Lotringer (1997)
• Ethics : subjectivity and truth (Essential Works Vol. 1), edited by Paul Rabinow (1997)
• Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Vol.2), edited by James D. Faubion (1998)
• Power (Essential Works Vol. 3), edited by James D. Faubion (2000)
• The Essential Foucault, edited by Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose (2003)

References

1. Schrift, Alan D. (2010). "French Nietzscheanism" (PDF). In Schrift, Alan D. (ed.). Poststructuralism and Critical Theory's Second Generation. The History of Continental Philosophy. Vol. 6. Durham, UK: Acumen. pp. 19–46. ISBN 978-1-84465-216-7.
2. Alan D. Schrift (2006), Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers, Blackwell Publishing, p. 126.
3. Jacques Derrida points out Foucault's debt to Artaud in his essay "La parole soufflée," in Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago, 1978), p. 326 n. 26.
4. Michel Foucault (1963). "Préface à la transgression," Critique: "Hommage a Georges Bataille", nos 195–6.
5. Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. University of Chicago Press. pp. 214–215. ISBN 9780226403533.
6. Crossley, N. "The Politics of the Gaze: Between Foucault and Merleau-Ponty". Human Studies. 16(4):399–419, 1993.
7. Thiele, Leslie Paul (1990). "The Agony of Politics: The Nietzschean Roots of Foucault's Thought". The American Political Science Review. 84 (3): 907–925. doi:10.2307/1962772. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1962772. S2CID 144321527.