List of Roman emperors

This is a list of the Roman emperors:

Many of them were murdered by relatives, enemies, friends, and soldiers.

Emperor of the Romans
Former Monarchy
Cameo of an eagle, a symbol of the Roman emperors (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (regnal name: Imperator Caesar Augustus Princeps Civitatis) or Gaius Octavius and Octavian, the first Roman Emperor
First monarch	Augustus
Last monarch	Constantine XI Julius Nepos (western empire)
Style	Imperator, Augustus, Caesar, Princeps, Dominus Noster, Autokrator or Basileus (depending on period)
Appointer	Senate and People of Rome (The Roman army represents the people)
Monarchy started	16 January 27 BC
Monarchy ended	May 1453 AD

• Julio–Claudian dynasty

1. Augustus
2. Tiberius, married to the daughter of Augustus
3. Caligula, Tiberius's grand-nephew. Death by regicide during 41 BC in his 28th year.^[1]
4. Claudius, Caligula's uncle. Claudius conquered Britain, making it part of the Roman Empire.
5. Nero, Claudius's grand-nephew. Accused Christians of burning down Rome. First Roman Emperor to commit suicide.

• Year of the Four Emperors

6. Galba, military leader under Claudius.
7. Otho, friend of Nero.
8. Vitellius, military leader under Galba. Vitellius banned astrologers from Rome.

• Flavian dynasty

9. Vespasian, military leader under Claudius. Vespasian began the building of the Colosseum.
10. Titus, Vespasian's son. Titus finished building the Colosseum.
11. Domitian, Titus's younger brother. Domitian conquered southern Scotland, making it (temporarily) part of the Roman Empire.

• Nerva-Antonine dynasty

12. Nerva, friend of Nero, who had saved Nero's life.
13. Trajan. Under Trajan, the Roman Empire was at its largest size ever.
14. Hadrian - Hadrian built Hadrian's Wall in Britain, to prevent the Picts from invading Roman Britain. Hadrian died in 138 AD. From 138 AD until 284 AD, there were 32 more emperors.
15. Antoninus Pius
16. Lucius Verus
17. Marcus Aurelius
18. Commodus

19. Pertinax
20. Didius Julianus
21. Severus
22. Caracalla
23. Geta
24. Macrinus
25. Diadumenian
26. Elagabalus
27. Severus Alexander

• Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty

Bronze nude statue of Trebonianus Gallus, a 3rd-century Roman emperor

• Crisis of the Third Century

28. Maximinus I
29. Gordian I
30. Gordian II
31. Pupienus
32. Balbinus
33. Gordian III
34. Philip I
35. Trajan Decius
36. Hostilian
37. Trebonianus Gallus
38. Aemilianus
39. Valerian
40. Gallienus
41. Claudius II Gothicus
42. Quintillus
43. Aurelian
44. Marcus Claudius Tacitus
45. Florian
46. Probus
47. Carus
48. Numerian
49. Carinus

• The Dominate: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

50. Diocletian in 284 AD, created the tetrarchy, abdicated.
51. Maximian
52. Galerius
53. Constantius Chlorus
54. Valerius Severus
55. Constantine in 306 AD. Founded the city of Constantinople at Byzantium. Converted to Christianity.
56. Maxentius
57. Licinius
58. Maximinus II
59. Constantine II, son of Constantine
60. Constantius II, son of Constantine
61. Constans I, son of Constantine
62. Vetranio
63. Julian
64. Jovian

• Valentinianic dynasty

65. Valentinian I
66. Valens
67. Gratian
68. Valentinian II
69. Magnus Maximus

• Theodosian dynasty

70. Theodosius I in 395 AD. He split the Roman Empire into two parts. The western part lasted until 476 AD, when it became ruled by the Germanic people. The eastern part lasted until 1453, when it became part of the Ottoman/Turkish Empire.

• Western Roman Empire
• Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium

Note there were also numerous usurpers ("fake" emperors) including:

1. Domitianus II (usurper)

References

1. Jesús David CHARRY-SÁNCHEZ, Alberto VELEZ-VAN-MEERBEKE, and Leonardo PALACIOS-SÁNCHEZ "A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW" Caligula: a neuropsychiatric explanation of his madness Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021 Apr; 79(4): 343–345.Published online 2021 May 8. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0358