List of presidents of the Philippines

list of persons by position held From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Remove ads

Under the present Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and the head of government, and is the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.

Here is the list of the country's presidents.

List of presidents of the Philippines


Aniceto Lacson
(November 5, 1898 - November 27, 1898)
November 5, 1898 - July 22, 1899
(President in Negros Occidental only until November 27, 1898)
President
Demetrio Larena
(November 24, 1898 - November 27, 1898)
November 5, 1898 - July 22, 1899
(President in Negros Oriental only)
Vice-President
José de Luzuriaga
July 22, 1899 - November 6, 1899		President of the Chamber of Deputies
Eusebio LuzurriagaSecretary of the Treasury
Simeón LizaresSecretary of the Interior
Nicolás GólezSecretary of Public Works
Agustín AmenábarSecretary of Agriculture and Commerce
Juan AranetaSecretary of War
Antonio Ledesma Jayme
July 24, 1854 - October 9, 1937		Secretary of Justice
Melecio Severino
November 6, 1899 - April 30, 1901		Governor-General of the Provinces
More information #, President ...


More information No., Portrait ...
Remove ads

Presidents

The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each individual.

More information Party, English name ...

Prior to the First Republic

The Spaniards colonized the Philippines as the Captaincy General of the Philippines. The Spanish monarchy was represented by the Governor-General from 1565 to 1898. Spain ceded all of its remaining possessions, including the Philippines, save for Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War via the Treaty of Paris.

1899–1901: First Republic (Malolos Republic)

The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 at Malolos, and ended on March 23, 1901 when President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palanan.

More information No.overall, No. in era ...

The Americans had already begun controlling areas not controlled by the First Republic after the Spanish cession. The President of the United States is represented first by military governors, then by civilian Governors-General up to 1935.

1935–46: Commonwealth

The Commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15, 1935 at Manila, and ended upon independence on July 4, 1946.

More information No.overall, No. in era ...

1943–45: Second Republic

The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 14, 1943 in Manila, and ended when President Jose P. Laurel dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945, in Tokyo.

More information No.overall, No. in era ...

1946–72: Third Republic

The Third Republic started when independence was granted by the Americans on July 4, 1946, and ended upon the imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972.

More information No.overall, No. in era ...

1972–87: Martial law and the Fourth Republic

President Ferdinand Marcos ruled by decree when he declared martial law on September 21, 1972. He inaugurated the "New Society" after a new constitution was ratified on January 17, 1973. He declared the Fourth Republic on January 17, 1981, after martial law was lifted.

More information No.overall, No. in era ...

1987–present: Fifth Republic

President Corazon Aquino inaugurated the Fifth Republic after the present constitution was ratified. The plebiscite took place on February 2, 1987.

More information No.overall, No. in era ...
Remove ads

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    In chronological order, the presidents started with Manuel L. Quezon,[2] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president,[3] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo[4] and José P. Laurel's[5] presidencies in the 1960s.[subnote 1] With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth, respectively.[1][6]
  2. [N 2]
    For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, Manuel L. Quezon was elected in two consecutive terms and is counted as the second president (not the second and third).[subnote 2] Upon the death of the fifth president, Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino became the sixth president even though he simply served out the remainder of Roxas' term and was not elected to the presidency in his own right.
  3. [N 3]
    Term ended when Aguinaldo was captured by US forces in Palanan, Isabela, during the Philippine–American War.[6][subnote 3]
  4. [N 4]
    Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term.[subnote 4]
  5. [N 5]
    The Malolos Constitution did not provide for a vice president.[13]
  6. [N 6]
    Term began with the formal establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth.[16][subnote 2]
  7. [N 7]
    Died, in office, of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.[17]
  8. [N 8]
    Term was originally until 15 Nov 1943, due to constitutional limitations as provided by the 1940 amendment of the 1935 Constitution, which shortened the terms of the president and the vice president from six to four years but allowed re-election.[subnote 4] Quezon was not intended to serve the full four years of the second term he won in the 1941 election because a ten-year presidency would have been considered excessive. In 1943, however, due to World War II, he and Vice President Osmeña, who was also re-elected, had to take an emergency oath of office, extending their tenure.[6][18]
  9. [N 9]
    See § 1943–45: Second Republic.
  10. [N 10]
    Unseated (lost re-election).[subnote 4]
  11. [N 11]
    Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful.
  12. [N 12]
    Prior to the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled.[12][11] Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Constitution when she appointed Teofisto Guingona Jr.
  13. [N 13]
    The Liberal Party was not yet a party in itself at the time, but only a wing of the Nacionalista Party.[24] It split and became a separate party by 1947.[25]
  14. [N 14]
    Term began with the establishment of Japan's puppet Second Republic after it occupied the Philippines during World War II.[28][29] The Commonwealth continued its existence as a government in exile in Australia and the United States.[16][30] The Philippines had two concurrent presidents by this time:[6] a de jure (the Commonwealth president) and a de facto (Laurel).[31] Because of his status, he was not considered a legitimate president by the government succeeding the second republic until the 1960s.[5]
  15. [N 15]
    Term ended when he dissolved the Second Republic in the wake of Japan's surrender to the Allies two days prior.[5][29][subnote 1] The Commonwealth was re-established in the Philippines,[28] with Sergio Osmeña as the fourth president.[6][subnote 5]
  16. [N 16]
    Previously affiliated with the Nacionalista Party,[34] but was elected by the National Assembly under the Japanese-organized KALIBAPI, a "non-political service organization" as it described itself.[35] All pre-war parties were replaced by the KALIBAPI.[5][28]
  17. [N 17]
    The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.[13][36]
  18. [N 18]
    The Third Republic began when the Philippine Commonwealth ended on 4 July 1946.[6][38]
  19. [N 19]
    Died, in office, of a heart attack in Clark Air Base, Pampanga.[39]
  20. [N 20]
    The Liberal Party was split into two opposing wings for the 1949 election: the Avelino wing, led by presidential aspirant José Avelino, and the Quirino wing.[41]
  21. [N 21]
    Died, in office, in a plane crash in Mount Manunggal, Cebu.[44][45]
  22. [N 22]
    Deposed in the People Power Revolution.[subnote 6]
  23. [N 23]
    Term ended upon Marcos' declaration of martial law.[13][subnote 7][subnote 8]
  24. [N 24]
    Imposed martial law, as a self-coup, on 23 September 1972, through Proclamation No. 1081, shortly before the end of his second and final term in 1973.[subnote 7] General Order No. 1, which detailed the transfer of all powers to the president, was also issued, enabling Marcos to rule by decree.[64]
  25. [N 25]
    Served concurrently as prime minister from June 12, 1978 to June 30, 1981.[60][subnote 8]
  26. [N 26]
    The 1973 Constitution was amended through a plebiscite held on January 27, 1984 to re-establish the vice presidency.[13][66][subnote 8]
  27. [N 27]
    The 1973 Constitution, as amended in 1981, did not place restrictions on re-election.[subnote 4]
  28. [N 28]
    Martial law was lifted by Ferdinand Marcos on 17 January 1981 through Proclamation No. 2045,[64] marking the beginning of the Fourth Republic.[38]
  29. [N 29]
    Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the disputed 1986 snap election.[subnote 6]
  30. [N 30]
    Corazon Aquino promulgated a provisional constitution called the 1986 Freedom Constitution on 25 March 1986.[69] It remained in effect until it was supplanted by the current constitution on February 2, 19 87,[69] which ushered the Fifth Republic.[6]
  31. [N 31]
    The Supreme Court declared Estrada had resigned and thus vacate the office of the president following the Second EDSA Revolution.[73]
  32. [N 32]
    Allied with the Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan (Coalition of Truth and Experience for Tomorrow).[79]
  1. [S 1]
    The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on 17 September 1945.[5] Its laws were considered null and void;[5][6] despite this, Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.[5]
  2. [S 2]
    Emilio Aguinaldo would be counted as the second president if he had won the 1935 election because the presidency was abolished and remained defunct until November 15, 1935. During that period, the executive power was exercised by the Governor-General of the US military government and the Insular Government, the precursor of the Philippine Commonwealth.[7]
  3. [S 3]
    Aguinaldo took the oath of allegiance to the US nine days later, effectively ending the republic.[8]
  4. [S 4]
    Before the ratification of the 1981 amendment of the 1973 Constitution, which removed the limit on re-election to the office for another six-year term,[9][10] presidents were elected to a four-year term with the possibility of re-election, as the amended 1935 Constitution specified: "No person shall serve as [p]resident for more than eight consecutive years."[11] When the 1987 Constitution was imposed and, in effect, superseded the previous constitutions, the president is no longer eligible for any re-election. It does, however, allow a person who had assumed the presidency to seek for a full six-year term if he or she has not yet "served as such for more than four years".[12]
  5. [S 5]
    The Commonwealth had already been temporarily restored in Tacloban on 23 October 1944, during the Battle of Leyte,[32] before it was proclaimed "reestablished as provided by law" on 27 February 1945.[33]
  6. [S 6]
    Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino both took their oath of office on 25 February 1986. In effect, the Philippines again had two simultaneous presidents, albeit for nine hours only.[55] Marcos was proclaimed on February 15 the winner of the widely denounced February 7 snap election,[55][56] which he called after opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr., his chief rival and Corazon's husband, was assassinated in 1983.[57] However, in a separate NAMFREL tally dated February 16, Aquino was found the actual duly-elected president.[58][59] The events led to the People Power Revolution on February 22–25, which forced Marcos to leave to exile in Hawaii and installed Aquino to the office.[55][57][59]
  7. [S 7]
    Accounts differ on when martial law was officially established. While sources such as Raymond Bonner have written that Proclamation No. 1081 was signed on 23 September 1972, Primitivo Mijares, a former journalist for Marcos, and the Bangkok Post stated that it was on September 17, only postdated to September 21 because of Marcos' numerological beliefs that were related to the number seven. Marcos claimed to have signed it on September 21, and as of 9 p.m. Philippine Standard Time (UTC+08:00) on September 22, the country was under martial law. He formally announced it in a live television and radio broadcast on September 23. The official date when martial law was set was on September 21 (because it was a date that was divisible by seven), but September 23 is generally considered the correct date because it was when the nation was informed and thus the proclamation was put into full effect.[64]
  8. [S 8]
    On 17 January 1973, while martial law was still in effect, the 1973 Constitution was ratified, which suspended the 1935 Constitution and ended the Third Republic.[13][38] What Marcos called a New Society (Bagong Lipunan) began,[38] introducing a parliamentary form of government;[65] the vice presidency was abolished and the presidential succession provision was devolved to the prime minister.[13]
Remove ads

References

Loading content...
Loading related searches...

Wikiwand - on

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

Remove ads