Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

The Kingdom of Armenia^[7] also known as Greater Armenia (Armenian: Մեծ Հայք, romanized: Mets Hayk), was an Armenian kingdom ruling in the Ancient Near East from 321 BC to 428 AD. It's history is divided into reigns by three royal dynasties: Orontid (321 BC–200 BC), Artaxiad (190 BC–12 AD) and Arsacid (52 AD–428 AD).

Kingdom of Armenia Մեծ Հայք
321 BC–428 AD
Left: The reconstructed standard of the Artaxiad dynasty Right: The standard of the Arsacid dynasty
Status	Kingdom Empire (during the Tigranes the Great)[1]
Capital	Armavir (321–210 BC) Yervandashat (210–176 BC) Artashat (176–77 BC; 69–120 AD) Tigranocerta (77 BC–69 AD) Vagharshapat (120–330) Dvin (336–428)
Common languages	Armenian[a] Parthian[b] Greek[c] Aramaic[2]
Religion	Zoroastrianism[3] and Armenian mythology (before 301) Armenian Apostolic Church (301–428)
Government	Monarchy
King, King of Kings
• 321–260 BC	Orontes III (first)
• 212–200 BC	Orontes IV
• 190–159 BC	Artaxias I
• 95–55 BC	Tigranes II the Great
• 62–88	Tiridates I
• 287–330	Tiridates III
• 422–428	Artaxias IV (last)
Historical era	Antiquity Middle ages
• Established	321 BC
• Disestablished	428 AD
Spoken native language[4] Languge of educated, liturgy, literary (after invention of Armenian alphabet in 405)[5] Palace and elite[5][6] (during the Arsacids, before invention of Armenian alphabet in 405) Languge of educated (before the Arsacids)[5]

History

Orontids and Artaxiads

Kingdom of Armenia, under the Orontid dynasty, 250 BC

The Kingdom of Armenia was ruled by the Orontid (also known as Yervanduni or Eurandids) dynasty from 321 BC to 200 BC. The Orontids (Eurandids) were an Armenian^[8][9] dynasty of probably Iranian^[10] origin. Around 200 BC a coup by the Armenian noble family of Artaxias toppled the Orontid (Yervanduni) dynasty,^[11] thus the Artaxiad dynasty came to power, as depending on the Seleucids. The Artaxiad dynasty was been identified as a branch of the Orontid (Eurandid) dynasty.^[10] The Seleucid Empire's influence over Armenia had weakened after it was defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. A Hellenistic Armenian state was thus founded in the same year by Artaxias I alongside the Armenian kingdom of Sophene led by Zariadres. Artaxias seized Yervandashat, united the Armenian Highlands at the expense of neighboring tribes and founded the new royal capital of Artaxata near the Araxes River.^[12] After the defeat of Antiochus III the Great at the hands of the Romans, in 188 BC, both Artaxias and Zariadres established themselves as Kings, with Artaxias ruling over the former lands of the Armenia Strategia, while Zariadres continues his rule over Sophene.^[13] The new city was laid on a strategic position at the juncture of trade routes that connected the Ancient Greek world with Bactria, India and the Black Sea which permitted the Armenians to prosper.^[12]

Tigranes the Great

Portrait of Tigranes the Great

After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia his son Gotarzes I succeeded him.^[14] He reigned during a period coined in scholarship as the "Parthian Dark Age," due to the lack of clear information on the events of this period in the empire, except a series of, apparently overlapping, reigns.^[15][16] This system of split monarchy weakened Parthia, allowing Tigranes II of Armenia to annex Parthian territory in western Mesopotamia. This land would not be restored to Parthia until the reign of Sinatruces (r. c. 78–69 BC).^[17] In 83 BC, after bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria.^[18] He then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire, though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy-king Seleucus VII Philometor as the legitimate king during his reign. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais. Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis of Tigranocerta.

Detailed map of Tigranes the Great's Armenian Empire

The Tigranes the Great with four vassal Kings surrounding him, an 19th century illustration

Under reign of Tigranes the Great, Kingdom of Armenia stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean and the Kingdom of Armenia was called the "Armenian empire" during her reign.^[19] At one time, the domains of Tigranes the Great stretched from the shores of the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean, from Mesopotamia up to the Pontic Alps. The vast empire, formed of a varied mixture of diverse tribes, with their own dialects and cultures, could hardly be turned over- night into a cohesive and durable political structure. Inner disunity aided the designs of the Romans, who launched a series of onslaughts on the Armenian dynasty, beginning with the invasion by Lucullus in 69–8 B.C, and culminating in the campaigns of Pompey in Armenia, Iberia and Colchis in 66–5 B.C. The downfall of Tigranes the Great was precipitated by the flight of his son, Tigranes the Younger, to the court of the Parthian king Phraates III, who supplied him with an army with which to invade Armenia, and join forces with the victorious Romans.^[1] Armenia became a Roman client kingdom in 66 BC, after the final defeat of Armenia's ally, Mithridates VI of Pontus by Pompey at the Battle of the Lycus.

The Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest
extent under Tigranes the Great

Arsacids

Approximately half a century after the collapse of the Artaxiad dynasty Armenia was under the rule of the Arshakunis, the Armenian branch of the Parthian Arsacids.^[20] A noted episode which illustrates the observance by the Armenian Arsacids is the famous journey of Tiridates I to Rome in 65–66 AD.^[21] Next, in 314, under King Tiridates (Trdat) the Great and through the apostolate of St. Gregory the Illuminator, Armenia, nearly simultaneously with the Roman Empire, officially accepted Christianity, a turning point in its history.^[5] An event of importance in the Arshakuni period was the invention, on the threshold of the fifth century, of the Armenian alphabet by St. Mesrop. With this Armenian became the language of the educated; it was introduced into the liturgy; and national literature was born (under Hellenistic and Syrian influences). Armenia’s identity and individuality were thus saved and an absorption by either Byzantine or Iranian civilization was precluded.^[5]

Kingdom of Armenia under the Arshakuni dynasty, 150 AD

The Arsacid dynasty was overthrown by the Sasanid Empire in 428, and this was the end of the Kingdom of Armenia.

Culture

During the Orontid period, despite the Hellenistic invasion of Persia, Persian and local Armenian culture remained the strongest element within society and the elites.^[11] While the culture of Armenia was dominated by Hellenism under the Artaxiads, the reign of the Arsacids marked the predominance of Iranianism in the country, with Parthian replacing Greek as the language of the educated. However, Armenian Hellenism was not eradicated, as the Arsacids of Iran were proud philhellenes.^[5] Armenian was considered a "vulgar" language, and thus Parthian language was spoken amongst the upper class and at the court. It was during this period that Classical Armenian incorporated most of its Iranian loanwords.^[6] However, with the invention of the Armenian alphabet, Armenian became the language of the educated people; introduced into liturgy and national literature was born.^[5]

Religion

Until the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land.^[22] Zoroastrianism was introduced into Armenia during the Achaemenid era, and it was bolstered during Parthian Arsacid rule.^[23] With the advent of Christianity, both paganism and Zoroastrianism gradually started to diminish. The founder of the Arsacid branch in Armenia, Tiridates I was a Zoroastrian priest or magus.^[24][22] The terminology, belief and symbolism of Zoroastrianism permeated the Armenian religious mindset and lexicon.^[23] In 314, Armenia, nearly simultaneously with the Roman Empire, officially accepted Christianity, a turning point in its history.^[5] With the adoption of Christianity in the early 4th century, Zoroastrianism's influence in the kingdom gradually started to decline.

Kings of Armenia

See the main article: List of ancient kings of Armenia

References

1. Lang 1983, p. 516.
2. Canepa 2020, p. 101.
3. Curtis 2016, p. 185; Boyce 1984, p. 84; de Jong 2015, pp. 119–120, 123–125; Russell 1987, pp. 170–171, 268
4. Lang 1970, p. 126.
5. Toumanoff 1986, pp. 543–546.
6. Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438.
7. Chahin 1987, p. 175. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChahin1987 (help)
8. Lang 1983, p. 535.
9. Versluys 2017, p. 48.
10. Garsoïan 2005.
11. Panossian 2006, p. 36.
12. Garsoïan 2004, p. 49.
13. Garsoïan 2004.
14. Assar 2006, p. 62; Shayegan 2011, p. 225; Rezakhani 2013, p. 770.
15. Shayegan 2011, pp. 188–189.
16. Sellwood 1976, p. 2.
17. Brosius 2006, pp. 91–92.
18. Litovchenko 2015, p. 179–188.
19. Wilken 2012, p. 229.
20. Panossian 2006, p. 38: "Approximately half a century after the collapse of the Artashesian dynasty Armenia was ruled by the Arshakunis, the Armenian branch of the Parthian Arsacids."
21. Russell 1987, pp. 170–171, 268.
22. Boyce 1984, p. 84.
23. La Porta 2018, p. 1613.
24. Lang 1970, p. 141.

Sources

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• Versluys, Miguel John (2017). Visual Style and Constructing Identity in the Hellenistic World: Nemrud Dağ and Commagene under Antiochos I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-14197-1.
• Wilken, Robert Louis (2012). The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1.
• Toumanoff, C. (1986). "Arsacids vii. The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. pp. 543–546.
• Garsoïan, N. (2005). "TIGRAN II". Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Garsoïan, Nina (2004). "The Emergence of Armenia". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6421-1.
• Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006). A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91–55 BC. Vol. 8: Papers Presented to David Sellwood. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. ISBN 978-8-881-47453-0.
• Shayegan, Rahim M. (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76641-8.
• Rezakhani, Khodadad (2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199733309.
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• Litovchenko, Sergey (2015). "Царствование Тиграна II Великого в Сирии: проблемы хронологии (The reign of Tigranes the Great in Syria: chronology problems)". Ancient World and Archaeology. 17. ISSN 0320-961X.
• Sellwood, David (1976). "The Drachms of the Parthian "Dark Age"". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 (1). Cambridge University Press: 2–25. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00132988. JSTOR 25203669. S2CID 161619682.
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• de Jong, Albert (2015). Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Boyce, Mary (1984). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415239028.
• Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674968509.
• Lang, David (1970). Armenia; Cradle of Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-04-956007-9.
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