British Raj

The British Raj was a colony of the British Empire from 1858 to 1947 in Indian Subcontinent. Raj is a word in Sanskrit that means "rule" and so "British Raj" means rule of the British Empire. The area of the colony is now in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. The British Raj is also called British India.^[3][4]

British Raj
1858–1947
Flag Indian Star
Anthem: "God Save the King/Queen" [1]
1909 Map of the British Indian Empire, showing British India in two shades of pink and the princely states in yellow.
Status	Imperial political structure (British India, a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)[2]
Capital	Calcutta (1858–1911) New Delhi (1911–1947)
Common languages	English Urdu Hindi Various South Asian languages
Religion	Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism
Government	British Colonial Government
Monarch of the United Kingdom and Emperor/Empressa
• 1858–1901	Victoria
• 1901–1910	Edward VII
• 1910–1936	George V
• 1936	Edward VIII
• 1936–1947	George VI
Viceroyb
• 1858–1862	The 2nd Viscount Canning (first)
• 1947	The 1st Viscount Mountbatten (last)
Secretary of State
• 1858–1859	Lord Stanley (first)
• 1947	The 5th Earl of Listowel (last)
Legislature	Imperial Legislative Council
History
• Battle of Plassey & Indian Rebellion	23 June 1757 & 10 May 1857
• Government of India Act	2 August 1858
• Indian Independence Act	18 July 1947
• Partition of India	14 and 15 August 1947
Currency	Indian rupee
ISO 3166 code	IN
Preceded by Succeeded by Company rule in India Mughal Empire Dominion of India Dominion of Pakistan
Title of Emperor/Empress of India existed 1876–1948 Full title was "Viceroy and Governor-General of India"

The term British Raj is used for the direct British rule over areas that had been conquered by the British in the Subcontinent. It also included the independent princely states. These areas were governed by their own traditional rulers although they were under the overall authority of the British crown. An estimated 165 million people may have died as a result of British colonial policies from 1880 to 1920. This number is larger than the death toll from both World War I and World War II, including The Holocaust.^[5][6]

Myanmar or Burma became its own British colony in 1937. The colony of Aden came under the same government from 1858 to 1937, as were British Somaliland (now part of Somalia) from 1884 to 1898 and Singapore from 1858 to 1867.

British rule ended on 15 August 1947. The borders between India and Pakistan came into effect on the 18 August. Many people died during the Partition of India.

Jammu and Kashmir, like the other princely states, had not been under direct British rule. India and Pakistan went to war over the area, which is now divided between them.

The 1861 census showed that the British population in the subcontinent was 125,945. Only 41,862 of them were civilians as compared with 84,083 European officers and men of the Army.^[7] In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies.^[8]

References

1. Charles Capwell (1987). "Sourindro Mohun Tagore and the National Anthem Project". Ethnomusicology. 31 (3). University of Illinois Press: 407–430. doi:10.2307/851664. JSTOR 851664.
2. Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.
3. Bowen H.V; Mancke, Elizabeth; Reid, John G. 2012. Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds c1550–1850. Cambridge University Press
4. Mansergh, Nicholas 1974. Constitutional relations between Britain and India. London: HMSO.
5. "British empire killed 165 million Indians in 40 years: How colonialism inspired fascism | MR Online". 14 December 2022.
6. Sharma, Yogada (14 August 2023). "Independence Day: 165 million unaccounted Indian victims of the British colonial regime". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
7. Ernst, W. (1996). "European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India". Social History of Medicine. 9 (3): 357–82. doi:10.1093/shm/9.3.357. PMID 11618727.
8. Robinson, Ronald Edward, & John Gallagher. 1968. Africa and the Victorians: the climax of imperialism. Garden City, NY: Doubleday "'Send the Mild Hindoo:' The Simultaneous Expansion of British Suffrage and Empire∗" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.