Index Librorum Prohibitorum

The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (English: List of Prohibited Books) was The Index, a list of books banned by the Catholic Church. They were banned if the Church thought they were heretical, anti-clerical (anti-church) or lascivious (obscene). It was censorship by the Catholic Church.

Title page of Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Venice 1564)

Early versions of the Index were published in Catholic Netherlands (1529); Venice (1543) and Paris (1551). By mid-century, with wars of religion in France and Germany, authorities thought control of the press could prevent the spread of heresy. This could be done by using a catalog of prohibited works, backed by ecclesiastic and civil authorities.^[1]

The first version published in Rome (the Pauline Index) was issued by Pope Paul IV in 1559.^[1] From 1571 to 1917 the Sacred Congregation of the Index was in charge of updating the list. The 20th and final edition appeared in 1948, and the Index was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.^[2][3][4]

The aim of the list was to protect the belief and morals of the faithful. This was done by preventing them from reading heretical and immoral books. Books thought to contain such errors included works by astronomers such as Johannes Kepler's Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae, which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, and by philosophers, like Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. The various editions of the Index also had the rules of the Church about the reading, selling and censorship of books. Even editions and translations of the Bible not been approved by the Church could be banned.^[5]

Enforcing the Index was the Inquisition. The burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno, whose entire works were placed on the Index on 8 February 1600,^[6] was (on the surface) for heresy, not for heliocentrism or other scientific views. However, those other views included a belief in 'other worlds', which was heresy.^[7][8][9]

Not until 1822 did the Church permit books to be printed which accepted the Earth's motion.^[10]

The developments since the abolition of the Index show "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century".^[11] A complete list of the authors and writings present in the successive editions of the Index is given in J. Martínez de Bujanda, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966.^[12] A list of the books that were on the Index can be found on the World Wide Web.^[13]

References

1. Schmitt, C.B.; Kraye, Jill; Kessler, Eckhard; Skinner, Quentin (1990). The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-521-39748-3.
2. Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick (1980). History of the Church. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8245-0013-9.
3. "Cambridge University on Index". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
4. Encyclopaedia Britannica: Index Librorum Prohibitorum
5. Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1559, Regula Quarta ("Rule 4")
6. Index of Prohibited Books, Revised, Vatican Polyglot Press, 190
7. Paul Henry Michel. 1962. The cosmology of Giordano Bruno, R.E.W. Maddison, translator. Cornell University Press.
8. Angelo, Joseph A (2007). Life in the Universe. Infobase Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4381-0892-6.
9. Firpo, Luigi 1993. Il processo di Giordano Bruno.
10. Kuhn, Thomas 1957/1976. The Copernican revolution: planetary astronomy and the development of western thought. Harvard University Press, p198.
11. Wilson, Sir Robert (1997). Astronomy Through the Ages: The Story Of The Human Attempt To Understand The Universe. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7484-0748-4.
12. Index des livres interdits. Librairie Droz. 2002. p. 472. ISBN 978-2-600-00818-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
13. Searchable database of Index Librorum Prohibitorum Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine at Beacon for Freedom of Expression