Hydrocodone

Not to be confused with Dihydrocodeine.

Hydrocodone, also known as dihydrocodeinone, is a semisynthetic opioid used to treat pain and as a cough suppressant.^[1] It is taken by mouth.^[1]

Hydrocodone

Clinical data
Trade names	Hysingla ER, Zohydro ER
Synonyms	Dihydrocodeinone, hydrocodone bitartrate
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a601006
License data	US DailyMed: Hydrocodone
Pregnancy category
Dependence liability	High[2]
Addiction liability	High
Routes of administration	Clinical: by mouth[3] Others: intranasal, rectal
Drug class	Opioid
ATC code	R05DA03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled drug) BR: Class A1 (Narcotic drugs) [4] CA: Schedule I DE: Anlage III (Special prescription form required) NZ: Class B UK: Class A US: Schedule II
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	By mouth: 70%[5]
Protein binding	Low[5][6]
Metabolism	Liver: CYP3A4 (major), CYP2D6 (minor)[7]
Metabolites	• Norhydrocodone[7] • Hydromorphone[7] • Others[7]
Onset of action	10–20 minutes[3]
Elimination half-life	Average: 3.8 hours[8] Range: 3.3–4.4 hours[3]
Duration of action	4–8 hours[3]
Excretion	Urine[9][10]
Identifiers
IUPAC name 4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one
CAS Number	125-29-1 Y
PubChem CID	5284569
IUPHAR/BPS	7081
DrugBank	DB00956 Y
ChemSpider	4447623 Y
UNII	6YKS4Y3WQ7
KEGG	D08045 Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:5779 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1457 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.004.304
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Most of the time it is dispensed as the combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid^[11][12][13] and in combination with homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough.^[1] It is also available by itself in a long-acting form under the brand name Zohydro ER, among others, to treat long-term severe pain.^[1][14]

References

1. "Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
2. Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 9781455701506.
4. Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
5. Polsten GR, Wallace MS (21 June 2016). "Analgesic Agents in Rheumatic Disease". In Firestein GS, Budd R, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (eds.). Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1081–. ISBN 978-0-323-41494-4.
6. Chabner BA, Longo DL (8 November 2010). "Chapter 37: Drug Therapy of Pain in Cancer Patients". Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 700–. ISBN 978-1-60547-431-1.
9. Bluth MH (16 November 2016). Toxicology and Drug Testing, An Issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-0-323-47795-6.
10. Smith HS (21 February 2013). Opioid Therapy in the 21st Century. OUP USA. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-19-984497-5.
11. Mallinckrodt (March 10, 2021). "HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN tablet (label)". National Institutes of Health DailyMed. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
12. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 692. ISBN 9781608317080.
13. "Hydrocodone Combination Products: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
14. "Hydrocodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.