Great Purge

The Great Purge or the Great Terror (Russian: Большой террор),^[6] was a purge in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938.^[7] It was a large-scale repression of kulaks.^[8] Ethnic minorities were murdered. Even members of the Communist Party, government officials, and the Red Army leadership were killed.

Great Purge
People of Vinnytsia searching for relatives among the exhumed victims of the Vinnytsia massacre, 1943
Location	Soviet Union
Date	1936–1938
Target	Opponents, dissidents, Trotskyists, Red Army's generals, "wealthy" peasants – known as kulaks in Soviet propaganda – ethnic minorities, religious activists and leaders
Attack type	Summary executions Massacre Mass murder Ethnic cleansing
Deaths	950,000 to 1.2 million[1] (higher estimates overlap with at least 136,520[2] deaths in the Gulag system)
Perpetrators	Joseph Stalin, the NKVD (Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Yezhov, Lavrentiy Beria, Ivan Serov and others), Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrey Vyshinsky, Lazar Kaganovich, Kliment Voroshilov, Robert Eikhe and others
Motive	Elimination of political opponents,[3][4] consolidation of power.[5]

Everyone was watched by the police. Everyone was suspected. People were imprisoned without a fair trial. Executions were common.^[9] Historians think the total number of deaths due to Stalinist repression in 1937–38 was between 950,000 to 1.2 million.^[1]

The "Kulak Operation" and the mass murder of national minorities made up the Great Terror. Together these two actions caused nine-tenths of the death sentences and three-fourths of Gulag prison camp sentences. In the Western world, Robert Conquest's 1968 book The Great Terror popularized the phrase. Conquest's title was a reminder of the French Revolution time known as the Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur, "the Terror"; from June to July 1794: la Grande Terreur, 'the Great Terror').^[10]