Candidiasis

"Yeast infection" redirects here. For yeast infections affecting the vagina, see vaginal yeast infection.

For the invasive form of Candidiasis, see Candidemia.

Candidiasis, often called yeast infection or thrush, is a type of infectious disease. It is a fungal infection (mycosis). The disease is caused by any of the Candida species of yeast. Candida albicans is the most common species.^[9][10]

Candidiasis
Other names	Candidosis, moniliasis, oidiomycosis [1]
Oral candidiasis (thrush)
Medical specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	White patches or vaginal discharge, itching [2][3]
Causes	Candida (a type of yeast)[4]
Risk factors	Immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), diabetes, corticosteroids, antibiotic therapy [5]
Medication	Clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole[6]
Frequency	6% of babies (mouth)[7] 75% of women at some time (vaginal)[8]

Causes

Candida yeasts are common in most people. The yeast is usually controlled in the body. When the yeast grows without control, an infection happens.

Agar plate culture of candida albicans

A weakened, unhealthy, or young immune system may allow candidiasis to develop.^[11] HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, steroids, stress and not enough nutrients may cause candidiasis.

Antibiotic and steroid use are the most common reason for uncontrolled yeast.^[12] Antibiotic kills some bacteria, and changes the balance of microorganisms in the body. This may allow the yeast to multiply.

Candidiasis in the throat and mouth

Throat

Esophageal candidiasis is an infection of the esophagus by Candida albicans. The disease happens in unhealthy people. Sometimes people will get the infection when they are treated with chemotherapy. People with AIDS can also get this infection more often.

One sign of esophageal candidiasis is painful swallowing. Weight loss can happen when a person has esophageal candidiasis for a long time.

Mouth

Oral candidiasis is a yeast infection of the mouth.^[13] It is located on the mucous membranes of the mouth. It is caused by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata or Candida tropicalis.

Signs

Candida may appear as thick white or cream-coloured areas on mucosal membranes. The infected mucosa of the mouth may look inflamed. In babies the condition is called thrush. For babies, it is usually painless and causes no pain. Adults may experience discomfort or burning sensation.

Body parts

In healthy persons, candidiasis is usually an infection of the skin or mucous membranes.^[9] These areas include:

• the mouth (oral candidiasis)
• the vagina or vulva (vaginal candidiasis or thrush)
• folds of skin in the diaper area (diaper rash)
• the nipples while breastfeeding
• the penis or foreskin^[14]
• the armpit
• the ear
• the skin around or in the nostrils
• the ears

Candidiasis is a very common cause of vaginal irritation, or vaginitis. It can also occur on the penis or scrotum. In unhealthy patients, the Candida infection can affect the esophagus. It could get everywhere in the body. This would cause a much more serious health condition, a state called candidemia.^{[15] [16]}