Ammonium chloride

Ammonium chloride is a chemical compound composed of ammonium and chloride ions. It is a colorless crystalline compound. It is used in soldering. It is also used as an electrolyte in the Leclanche cell, a type of primary cell. Ammonium chloride can be deprotonated by strong bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce ammonia gas.It is sublime compound.

Ammonium chloride

Names
IUPAC name Ammonium chloride
Other names Sal ammoniac, Salmiac, Nushadir salt, Sal armagnac, Salt armoniack, Salmiak
Identifiers
CAS Number	12125-02-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:31206 Y
ChemSpider	23807 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.976
EC Number	235-186-4
KEGG	D01139 Y
PubChem CID	25517
RTECS number	BP4550000
UNII	01Q9PC255D Y
UN number	3077
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0020078
SMILES [Cl-].[NH4+]
Properties
Chemical formula	ClH4N
Molar mass	53.49 g·mol−1
Appearance	White solid, hygroscopic
Odor	Odorless
Density	1.519 g/cm3[1]
Melting point	338 °C (640 °F; 611 K) decomposes, sublimes[1]
Boiling point	520 °C (968 °F; 793 K)
Sublimation conditions	Sublimes at 337.6 °C[2] ΔsublHo = 176.1 kJ/mol
Solubility in water	244 g/L (−15 °C) 294 g/L (0 °C) 383.0 g/L (25 °C) 454.4 g/L (40 °C) 740.8 g/L (100 °C)[3]
Solubility product (Ksp)	30.9 (395 g/L)[4]
Solubility	Soluble in liquid ammonia, hydrazine, Slightly soluble in acetone Insoluble in diethyl ether, ethyl acetate[2]
Solubility in methanol	32 g/kg (17 °C) 33.5 g/kg (19 °C) 35.4 g/kg (25 °C)[2]
Solubility in ethanol	6 g/L (19 °C)[5]
Solubility in glycerol	97 g/kg[2]
Solubility in sulfur dioxide	0.09 g/kg (0 °C) 0.031 g/kg (25 °C)[2]
Solubility in acetic acid	0.67 g/kg (16.6 °C)[2]
Vapor pressure	133.3 Pa (160.4 °C) 6.5 kPa (250 °C) 33.5 kPa (300 °C)[5]
Acidity (pKa)	9.24
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	-36.7·10−6 cm3/mol[6]
Refractive index (nD)	1.642 (20 °C)[2]
Structure
Crystal structure	CsCl, cP2[7]
Space group	Pm3m, No. 221
Lattice constant	a = 0.3876 nm
Formula units (Z)	1
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of formation ΔfHo298	−314.43 kJ/mol[5]
Standard molar entropy So298	94.56 J/mol·K[5]
Specific heat capacity, C	84.1 J/mol·K[5]
Pharmacology
ATC code	B05XA04 (WHO) G04BA01 (WHO)
Hazards
NFPA 704	0 2 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL)	none[8]
Related compounds
Other anions	{{{value}}}
Other cations	{{{value}}}
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Related pages

• Ammonium sulfide
• Ammonium
• Ammonia

References

1. Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.46. ISBN 1439855110.
2. ammonium chloride Archived 2015-07-23 at the Wayback Machine. Chemister.ru (2007-03-19). Retrieved on 2018-01-23.
3. Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company.
   Results here are multiplied by water's density at temperature of solution for unit conversion.
4. "Solubility Products of Selected Compounds". Salt Lake Metals. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
5. Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
6. Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.131. ISBN 1439855110.
7. Breñosa, A.G; Rodríguez, F; Moreno, M (1993). "Phase transition temperatures and thermal hysteresis in NH₄Cl_1−xBr_x (x≤0.05) crystals determined through charge transfer spectra of Cu²⁺(II) centres". Solid State Communications. 85 (2): 135. Bibcode:1993SSCom..85..135B. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(93)90362-Q.
8. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0029". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).