William Adelin

William Adelin (1103–1120), sometimes Atheling , was the titular Duke of Normandy and heir apparent to the crown of England.

William Adelin
William Adelin
Born	5 August 1103
Died	25 November 1120 Barfleur
Father	Henry I of England
Mother	Matilda of Scotland

Early career

William, born in 1103, was the only son of Henry I of England and his wife Matilda of Scotland. ^[1] He was nicknamed Adelin meaning crown prince as he was the heir apparent to the throne.^[1] Henry of Huntingdon said of young William that he was full of pride and was arrogant.^[2] The historian William of Malmesbury quotes him as saying of the English: "if he came to reign over them, he would make them draw the plough like oxen."^[2] Henry arranged a marriage for his young son to Matilda of Anjou. She was the eldest daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou in February 1113 near Alençon. But Fulk agreed to this without the permission of the king of France.^[3]

Duke of Normandy

During king Henry I's lifetime William was invested by Henry as Duke of Normandy. But this was a title he held more in name than practice. Henry made William the duke when he was pressed by the king of France, Louis VI, to pledge his fealty. Henry as a king himself thought this was beneath him so in 1115 he offered to have William do this in his place. The offer was at first refused. But, later after a period of war Louis accepted him. William did homage to Louis VI in the middle of 1120.

William's mother Queen Matilda served as Henry's regent in England while he was away in Normandy. After her death in 1118 William was old enough to serve as regent which he did for a year.^[4] It is clear that a group of Henry's advisors were there to help both Matilda and William.^[4]

In 1119, William and Matilda of Anjou married.^[5] The ceremony took place in June at the cathedral of Lisieux. The lordship of Maine was to be Matilda's dowry.

Death

William died in the White Ship tragedy of 25 November 1120. The White Ship was a newer vessel and her captain was Thomas FitzStephen.^[6] He offered to let Henry I of England use it to return to England from Barfleur in Normandy.^[7] Henry had already arranged his passage but allowed his son William Adelin and many other nobles to use the White Ship.^[7] According to Orderic Vitalis William Adelin and his friends were drinking liberally and allowed the ship's crew to have drink also.^[7] By the time the ship was ready to leave there were about 300 people on board.^[8] Told to overtake the king's ship the captain set sail after dark. But the ship soon hit a rock in the harbor and quickly sank.^[8] William Adelin got into a small boat to escape but turned back to help his half-sister, Matilda, Countess of Perche. When others tried to climb into the boat it was swamped and sank. William and all of his companions died.^[8]

William's wife was on another ship at the time of the disaster, and survived him. Henry I kept her in England in hopes of marrying her to a nobleman. He wanted to control the county of Maine through her.^[9] But her father returned from Jerusalem a year later. He demanded she be returned to Anjou. But Henry refused.^[9] Eventually Henry sent her home. She returned to Anjou where she became a nun. Eventually she became Abbess of Fontevrault.

Aftermath

The sinking of the White ship was tremendous loss for Henry. His only legitimate son and heir was lost.^{[lower-alpha 1] [13]} Several of Henry's illegitimate children were lost as well. The remaining 300 who drowned were among the richest and best known of the nobility of the day.^[13] It was the worst maritime disaster of the Middle Ages.^[13]

William Adelin's body was never found meaning there could be no funeral and no tomb.^[9] Henry's good fortune took a turn for the worse. Since William Adelin had died and his wife eventually returned to Anjou, Henry's alliance with her father was now cancelled.^[9] Henry quickly remarried to Adeliza, the daughter of Godfrey, Duke of Brabant. Although still a teenager she became a popular queen. Even so they never had any children so Henry's attempt to have a male heir to succeed him died with William Adelin.^[14]

Notes

1. This single event, the death of William Adelin. caused a drastic change in English politics.^[10] It caused Henry to enter into a second but childless marriage.^[10] It caused Henry to have his magnates and barons to swear to support his only legitimate daughter, the Empress Matilda as ruler after him.^[10] It led to the power crisis of 1135 when Henry I died and was succeeded, not by Matilda as Henry intended, but by his nephew, Stephen of England.^[11] This civil war between Stephen and Matilda was known as the Anarchy.^[12]

References

1. François Neveux, The Normans; The Conquests that Changed the Face of Europe, trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2008), p. 178
2. Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, Vol. 4 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 38 n. 2
3. François Neveux, The Normans; The Conquests that Changed the Face of Europe, trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2008), p. 205
4. David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 365
5. C. Warren Hollister, 'War and Diplomacy in the Anglo-Norman World; the Reign of Henry I', Anglo-Norman Studies VI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1983, ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge : Boydell Press, 1984), p. 84
6. Elisabeth M.C, van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987, Ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1988), pp. 172-73
7. Judith A. Green, Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 165
8. William M. Aird, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy c. 1050–1134 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2008), p. 269
9. David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 192
10. Edmund King, The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 7
11. Edmund King, The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 8
12. John M. Riddle, A History of the Middle Ages, 300-1500 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), p. 297
13. C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 278
14. David Crouch, The Normans, The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 193