Phytoplasmas are a type of parasitic bacteria. They are pathogens of economically important plants, including coconut, sugarcane, and sandalwood.
Quick Facts Phytoplasma, Scientific classification ...
Phytoplasma |
![Thumb](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phyllody_on_Coneflower_with_aster_yellows.jpg/220px-Phyllody_on_Coneflower_with_aster_yellows.jpg) |
Phyllody induced by phytoplasma infection on a coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) |
Scientific classification ![Edit this classification](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png) |
Domain: |
Bacteria |
Phylum: |
Tenericutes |
Class: |
Mollicutes |
Order: |
Acholeplasmatales |
Family: |
Acholeplasmataceae |
Genus: |
Candidatus Phytoplasma |
Species |
- Ca. Phytoplasma allocasuarinae Marcone et al., 2004[1]
- Ca. Phytoplasma americanum Lee et al., 2006
- Ca. Phytoplasma asteris Lee et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia Zreik et al., 1995
- Ca. Phytoplasma australiense Davis et al., 1997
- Ca. Phytoplasma australesia White et al., 1998 (Invalid name)
- Ca. Phytoplasma balanitae Win et al., 2012
- Ca. Phytoplasma brasiliense Montano et al., 2001
- Ca. Phytoplasma caricae Arocha et al., 2005
- Ca. Phytoplasma castaneae Jung et al., 2002
- Ca. Phytoplasma cirsii Safarova et al., 2016
- Ca. Phytoplasma cocosnigeriae IRPCM, 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma cocostanzaniae IRPCM, 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma convolvuli Martini et al., 2012
- Ca. Phytoplasma costaricanum Lee et al., 2001
- Ca. Phytoplasma cynodontis Marcone et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma fragariae Valiunas et al., 2006
- Ca. Phytoplasma fraxini Griffiths et al., 1999
- Ca. Phytoplasma graminis Arocha et al., 2005
- Ca. Phytoplasma hispanicum Davis et al., 2016
- Ca. Phytoplasma japonicum Sawayanagi et al., 1999
- Ca. Phytoplasma luffae Davis et al., 2017
- Ca. Phytoplasma lycopersici Arocha et al., 2007
- Ca. Phytoplasma malasianum Nejat et al., 2012
- Ca. Phytoplasma mali Seemüller et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma meliae Fernandez et al., 2016
- Ca. Phytoplasma noviguineense Miyazaki et al., 2017
- Ca. Phytoplasma omanense Saddy et al., 2008
- Ca. Phytoplasma oryzae Jung et al., 2003
- Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola Harrison et al, 2014
- Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium Verdin et al., 2003
- Ca. Phytoplasma pini Schneider et al., 2005
- Ca. Phytoplasma pruni Davis et al., 2013
- Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum Seemüller et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma pyri Seemüller et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma rhamni Marcone et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma rubi Franova et al. 2016.
- Ca. Phytoplasma solani Qualino et al., 2013
- Ca. Phytoplasma spartii Marcone et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma sudamericanum Davis et al., 2012
- Ca. Phytoplasma tamaricis Zhao et al., 2009
- Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii Hikuri et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi Lee et al., 2004
- Ca. Phytoplasma vitis Marzorati et al. 2006
- Ca. Phytoplasma wodyetiae Narderali et al., 2017
- Ca. Phytoplasma ziziphi Jung et al., 2003
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Close
They are obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue.[2] Their vectors are insects which inject then into the plant cells. They were discovered by scientists in 1967 and were named mycoplasma-like organisms or MLOs.[3] They cannot be grown in vitro (in laboratory conditions), and that limits the information about them. They are described by the special term "Candidatus", reserved for such difficult organisms.
Marcone C, Gibb KS, Streten C, Schneider B (2004). "'Candidatus Phytoplasma spartii','Candidatus Phytoplasma rhamni' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae', respectively associated with spartium witches'-broom, buckthorn witches'-broom and allocasuarina yellows diseases". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (4): 1025–1029. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02838-0. PMID 15280265.
'Obligate' means they cannot live except as parasites.
Doi, Yoji; Teranaka, Michiaki; Yora, Kiyoshi; Asuyama, Hidefumi (1967). "Mycoplasma- or PLT Group-like Microorganisms Found in the Phloem Elements of Plants Infected with Mulberry Dwarf, Potato Witches' Broom, Aster Yellows, or Paulownia Witches' Broom". Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan. 33 (4): 259–266. doi:10.3186/jjphytopath.33.259.