Najaf

Najaf (Arabic: النجف; Transliterated: An Najaf; Persian: نجف) is a city in Iraq. It is about 160 km south of Baghdad. In 2008, about 900.583 people lived there. The city is the capital of Najaf province. It is one of the seven holy cities of Shi'a Islam. It is the center of Shia political power in Iraq.

An Najaf النجف
Immam Ali's Shrine.
An Najaf
Coordinates: 33°20′00″N 44°26′00″E
Country	Iraq
Province	Najaf province
Elevation	34 m (112 ft)
Population  (2008)
• Total	900.583
	Approximate figures
Time zone	GMT +3
• Summer (DST)	+4

The city is home to the Imam Ali Mosque, where Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth caliph is buried. Shia Muslims consider the mosque to be the third holiest Islamic site.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]}

Hārūn ar-Rashīd founded the city on the site of Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's grave in the 8th century.

Najaf was badly damaged during the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. In 1991, there was a Shiite uprising in Najaf, which was suppressed by Saddam Hussein. This conflict caused many deaths, there are mass graves around the city. In 2003, a suicide bombing caused widespread damage. 120 people died, including the moderate imam Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim.

In April 2004, forces of Muqtada as-Sadr captured the city, as well as the city of Kut. Before the 2004 elections, a part of the occupying forces left the city.

Mosque and seminary

This mosque is the most important Shi'a mosque in Iraq. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. It is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. Shia Islam's second most important figure is buried in Najaf.^[1] the Imam Ali Mosque is considered by Shias as the third holiest Islamic site.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]}

The Imam Ali Mosque is housed in a grand structure with a gold gilded dome and many precious objects in the walls. Nearby is the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, reputed to be the largest in the world.^[10] It contains the tombs of several prophets and many of the devout from around the world aspire to be buried there, to be raised from the dead with Imām Alī on Judgement Day. Over the centuries, numerous hospices, schools, libraries and Sufi convents were built around the shrine to make the city the centre of Shīʻa learning and theology.

The Najaf seminary is one of the most important teaching centres in the Islamic world. Ayatollah Khomeini lectured there from 1964 to1978.^[11] Many of the leading figures of the new Islamic movement that emerged in Iraq, Iran and Lebanon in the 1970s studied at Najaf.^[12]

Climate

Climate data for An Najaf
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	14 (58)	18 (65)	23 (74)	30 (86)	36 (97)	41 (105)	42 (108)	42 (107)	39 (102)	33 (91)	23 (74)	17 (62)	30 (86)
Average low °C (°F)	7 (44)	9 (49)	13 (56)	19 (66)	23 (74)	28 (82)	29 (85)	29 (84)	27 (80)	21 (70)	13 (55)	8 (47)	19 (66)
Average precipitation cm (inches)	2.5 (1)	1.3 (0.5)	1.3 (0.5)	1.3 (0.5)	0.51 (0.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.51 (0.2)	1.0 (0.4)	1.0 (0.4)	6.9 (2.7)
Source: Weatherbase [13]

References

1. Never Again! Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ShiaNews.com
2. Iran Diary, Part 2: Knocking on heaven's door Archived 2010-09-04 at the Wayback Machine Asia Times Online
3. Muslim Shia's Saint Imam Ali Holy Shrine - 16 Images Archived 2010-09-05 at the Wayback Machine Cultural Heritage Photo Agency
4. The tragic martyrdom of Ayatollah Al Hakim calls for a stance Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Modarresi News, September 4, 2003
5. "Zaman Online, August 13, 2004". Archived from the original on October 28, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
6. Why 2003 is not 1991 The Guardian, April 1, 2003
7. Iraqi forces in Najaf take cover in important Shia shrine, The Boston Globe, April 2, 2003. "For the world's nearly 120 million Muslim Shias, Najaf is the third holiest city behind Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia."
8. Religious rivalries and political overtones in Iraq Archived 2009-06-11 at the Wayback Machine CNN.com, April 23, 2003]
9. "Miscellaneous Relevant Links" Muslims, Islam, and Iraq
10. Hala Mundhir Fattah; Frank Caso (2009). A brief history of Iraq. Infobase Publishing. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8160-5767-2. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
11. Ring, Trudy (1996). "Najaf". Global Security. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
12. Mallat, Chibli (2004). The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer As-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi'i International. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521531221. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
13. "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for An Najaf, Iraq". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved on November 24, 2011.