List of presidents of Portugal

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution.

List

     Republican
     Democratic
     National Republican/Sidonist
     Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
     National Union/Popular National Action
     Democratic Renewal
     Socialist
     Social Democratic
     No party

First Republic (1910–1926)

No.	President (Birth–Death)	Portrait	Elected	Term of office		Political party	Ref.
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911)
-	Teófilo Braga[1] (1843–1924)		–	October 5, 1910	August 24, 1911	Republican	[source?]
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
1	Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917)		1911	August 24, 1911	May 26, 1915[R]	Republican later Democratic Republican[2]	[3][2]
2	Teófilo Braga (1843–1924)		May 1915	May 29, 1915	October 5, 1915	Democratic Republican[4]	[3][4]
3	Bernardino Machado (1851–1944)		August 1915	October 5, 1915	December 5, 1917[C]	Democratic Republican[5]	[3][5]
-	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais		–	December 12, 1917	April 28, 1918	–	[3][6]
4	Sidónio Pais[7] (1872–1918)		April 1918	April 28, 1918	December 14, 1918[A]	National Republican or "Sidonist" [source?]	[3][6]
-	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro		–	December 14, 1918	December 16, 1918	–	[source?]
5	João do Canto e Castro[8] (1862–1934)		December 1918	December 16, 1918	October 5, 1919	National Republican or "Sidonist" [source?]	[3][9]
6	António José de Almeida (1866–1929)		1919	October 5, 1919	October 5, 1923	Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal [source?]	[3][10]
7	Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941)		1923	October 5, 1923	December 11, 1925[R]	Democratic Republican [source?]	[3][11]
8	Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time		1925	December 11, 1925	May 31, 1926[C]	Democratic Republican [source?]	[3][5]

Second Republic (1926–1974)

No.	President (Birth–Death)	Portrait	Elected	Term of office		Political party	Ref.
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
9	José Mendes Cabeçadas[12] (1883–1965)		–	May 31, 1926	June 17, 1926[C]	Military officer [source?]	[3][13]
-	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa		–	June 17, 1926	June 29, 1926	–	[source?]
10	Manuel Gomes da Costa[12] (1863–1929)		–	June 29, 1926	July 9, 1926[C]	Military officer [source?]	[3][14]
-	Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona		–	July 9, 1926	November 16, 1926	–	[3][15]
11	Óscar Carmona[12][16] (1869–1951)		–	November 16, 1926	March 25, 1928	Military officer	[3][15]
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
11	Óscar Carmona (1869–1951)		1928	April 15, 1928	April 26, 1935	Military officer from 1932 National Union	[3][15]
			1935	April 26, 1935	April 15, 1942
			1942	April 15, 1942	April 20, 1949
			1949	April 20, 1949	April 18, 1951[D]
-	António de Oliveira Salazar[17] (1889–1970) (interim)		–	April 18, 1951	July 21, 1951	National Union	[source?]
12	Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964)		1951	July 21, 1951	August 9, 1958	National Union	[3][18]
13	Américo Tomás (1894–1987)		1958	August 9, 1958	August 9, 1965	National Union from 1970 People's National Action	[3][19]
			1965	August 9, 1965	August 9, 1972
			1972	August 9, 1972	April 25, 1974[C]

Third Republic (1974–present)

No.	President (Birth–Death)	Portrait	Elected	Term of office		Political party	Ref.
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
-	National Salvation Junta[20] President: António de Spínola		–	April 25, 1974	May 15, 1974	–	[21]
14	António de Spínola (1910–1996)		–	May 15, 1974	September 30, 1974[R]	Military officer	[3][21]
15	Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001)		–	September 30, 1974	July 13, 1976	Military officer	[3][22]
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
16	António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935)		1976	July 14, 1976	January 14, 1981	Military officer from 1985 Democratic Renewal	[3][23]
			1980	January 14, 1981	March 9, 1986
17	Mário Soares (1924–2017)		1986	March 9, 1986	March 9, 1991	Socialist	[3][24]
			1991	March 9, 1991	March 9, 1996
18	Jorge Sampaio (1939-2021)		1996	March 9, 1996	March 9, 2001	Socialist	[3][25]
			2001	March 9, 2001	March 9, 2006
19	Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born in 1939)		2006	March 9, 2006	March 9, 2011	Social Democratic	[3][26]
			2011	March 9, 2011	March 9, 2016
20	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948)		2016	March 9, 2016	March 9, 2021	Social Democratic	[27]
			2021	March 9, 2021	Incumbent (Term ends on March 9, 2026)

• Left office early:

^[A] Assassinated.

^[D] Died in office of natural causes.

^[R] Resigned.

^[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

References

1. Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
2. "Manuel de Arriaga - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
3. Braga, Paulo Drumond 1965- (2010). "Os Presidentes da República Portuguesa : sociologia de uma função". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
4. "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
5. "Bernardino Machado - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
6. "Sidónio Pais - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
7. After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
8. Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
9. "Canto e Castro - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
10. "António José de Almeida - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
11. "Teixeira Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
12. Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
13. "Mendes Cabeçadas - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
14. "Gomes da Costa - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
15. "Óscar Carmona - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
16. Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
17. António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
18. "Craveiro Lopes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
19. "Américo Tomás - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
20. Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
21. "António de Spínola - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
22. "Costa Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
23. "Ramalho Eanes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
24. "Mário Soares - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
25. "Jorge Sampaio - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
26. "Aníbal Cavaco Silva - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
27. "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.