Allied invasion of Italy

The Allied invasion of Italy was the invasion of mainland Italy by the Allies during World War II. The Allies landed on the mainland on 3 September 1943. The invasion followed the successful invasion of Sicily during the Italian Campaign.

Invasion of Italy
Part of the Italian Campaign of World War II
Troops and vehicles being landed under shell fire during the invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno, September 1943.
Date 3 – 16 September 1943 Location Salerno, Calabria and Taranto, Italy Result Allied victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom United States Canada	Germany Italy (to 8 September)
Commanders and leaders
Harold Alexander Bernard Montgomery Mark W. Clark	Albert Kesselring Heinrich von Vietinghoff
Strength
189,000 (by September 16)	100,000
Casualties and losses
2,009 killed 7,050 wounded 3,501 missing	3,500 casualties

The invasion was done by General Harold Alexander's 15th Army Group. This included Lieutenant General Mark Clark's U.S. Fifth Army and General Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army.

The main invasion force landed near Salerno on the western coast in Operation Avalanche. Two other attacks were done in Calabria (Operation Baytown) and Taranto (Operation Slapstick).

Allied plan

Map of the Invasion of Italy.

Following the defeat of the Axis Powers in North Africa, there was disagreement between the Allies as to what to do next in 1943. Winston Churchill wanted to invade Italy. George Marshall wanted to invade France. When they realized that no invasion of France could be done in 1943, they decided to invade Sicily.

The Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 was successful. Many of the Axis forces avoided capture and escaped to the mainland. Benito Mussolini was removed as head of the Italian government.

Operation Baytown was the plan in which Eighth Army would land near the tip of Calabria on 3 September 1943. The Allies sent the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment to airfields near Rome. The main landings (Operation Avalanche) were on 9 September. The main force would land near Salerno on the western coast. The Avalanche plan was for the Fifth Army to land. On the German side, Albert Kesselring realized he could not stop the Salerno landing.

Battle

On 3 September 1943, British Eighth Army's XIII Corps launched Operation Baytown. Italian troops surrendered. On 4 September, 5 Division reached Bagnara. Progress was slow as blown up bridges, roadblocks and mines delayed Eighth Army. Heinrich von Vietinghoff's 10th Army was ready to attack the Allied landings.^[1] On 8 September (before the main invasion), the surrender of Italy to the Allies was announced. Italian troops stopped fighting and the Navy sailed to Allied ports to surrender. The German forces in Italy moved into important defensive positions. Operation Slapstick started on 9 September.

Operation Avalanche was the main invasion at Salerno by the U.S. 5th Army. It began on 9 September 1943. Major General Rudolf Sieckenius commander of 16th Panzer Division had organised his forces into four groups. By the end of the first day the 5th Army had made a good start. X Corps' two divisions had moved between 5 and 7 mi (8.0 and 11.3 km) inland.

For the next three days, the Allies fought to get more beach territory. The Germans defended.^[2] By 12 September, X Corps had taken a defensive position. On 13 September, the Germans launched their attack. The Herman Göring battle groups attacked the northern part of the beach. The main attack was between the two Allied Corps. On 15 September 16th Panzer Division and 29th Panzergrenadier Division took up defensive positions. On 15 September, Kesselring said the attack by XIV Panzer Corps must be successful. If this failed, Tenth Army must pull back from the battle.^[3]

On 14 September, the Allies advanced. By 16 September 5th, the Infantry Division had reached Sapri. The Germans decided to pull out of the battle. They withdrew on 18/19 September.

The Salerno battle was where the Salerno Mutiny happened. About 500 men of the British X Corps refused to join new units. Eventually the corps commander, McCreery, got about half of the men to follow their orders. The rest were court-martialled.

With the Salerno beach secure, Fifth Army began its attack northwest towards Naples on 19 September.

References

1. Clark, General Mark W. (1950). Calculated Risk. ReadHowYouWant. p. 20. ISBN 978-1459619104.
2. Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. (1973). The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and the Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. p. 289. ASIN B0016LQN3K.
3. Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. (1973). The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and the Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. p. 319. ASIN B0016LQN3K.