Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika)

Termodinamička ravnoteža, je stanje termodinamičkog sistema u kome je on u termičkoj, mehaničkoj i hemijskoj ravnoteži. Stanje sistema u ravnoteži određeno je funkcijama stanja. Funkcije stanja može biti intenzivna funkcija stanja, pritisak i temperatura, ili ekstenzivna funkcija stanja kao npr. molski udeo komponenti. Termodinamička ravnoteža je determinisana minimumom termodinamičkog potencijala.

Za sistem pri konstantnoj zapremini termodinamički potencijal ekvivalentan je Helmholcovoj slobodnoj energiji (engleski: ):

F = U – TS

Za sistem na konstantnom pritisku termodinamički potencijal ekvivalentan je Gibsovoj slobodnoj energiji (engleski: ):

G = H – TS

Literatura

• Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, third edition, McGraw-Hill, London, ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
• Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3.
• Beattie, J.A., Oppenheim, I. (1979). Principles of Thermodynamics, Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-41806-7.
• Ludwig Boltzmann (1896/1964). Lectures on Gas Theory, translated by S.G. Brush, University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
• Herbert Callen (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8.
• Constantin Carathéodory (1909). Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik Arhivirano 2016-03-04 na Wayback Machine-u, Mathematische Annalen, 67: 355–386. A translation may be found here. Also a mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin, J. (1976). The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.
• Sydney Chapman, Thomas George Cowling (1939/1970). The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform gases. An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases, third edition 1970, Cambridge University Press, London.
• Crawford, F.H. (1963). Heat, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Physics, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.
• de Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications Inc., New York, ISBN 0-486-64741-2.