Crvotočina

Crvotočina je termin koji iako teorijski (naučno) nije nemoguć, koristi se samo u naučnoj fantastici u često banalizovanoj formi. Predstavlja podsvemirski tunel koji spaja dve udaljene tačke u prostoru ili vremenu. Sastoji se od dve rupe koje povezuje hodnik izvan normalnog svemira. S obzirom da je ovaj hodnik kraći od normalnog rastojanja dve tačke u prostoru, putovanje je takođe kraće, u nekim slučajevima skoro trenutno. Ako je crvotočina dovoljno velika i dovoljno stabilna zvezdani brod bi mogao da uđe na jedan a izađe na drugi kraj na taj način skraćujući ponekad i godine putovanja.

Schwarzschildova crvotočina

Realnost

U realnosti crvotočine su i praktično moguće; nalaze se u mikroskopskim naborima kvantne pene, ali nažalost njihov prečnik iznosti 10⁻¹² milimetara a vreme trajanja 10⁻²⁰ sekunde.^[1][2]

Crvotočina je u fizici i hipotetička prečica kroz prostor-vreme. Za sad nije dokazano postojanje praktičnih crvotočina, tako da je to za sad samo rezultat pretpostavki.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

Postoje dva tipa crvotočina:

• intra-univerzumska — koja povezuje dve udaljene tačke u prostor-vremenu jednog univerzuma, i
• inter-univerzumska — koja povezuje dva odvojena univerzuma.

Povezano

• Crna rupa
• Bela rupa
• Neutronska zvezda
• Švarcšildova metrika
• Švarcšildov radijus
• Teorija struna

Reference

1. Thorne, Kip S. (1994). Black Holes and Time Warps. W. W. Norton. str. 494-496. ISBN 978-0-393-31276-8.
2. Ian H., Redmount; Wai-Mo Suen (1994). „Quantum Dynamics of Lorentzian Spacetime Foam”. Physical Review D 49 (10): 5199. arXiv:gr-qc/9309017. Bibcode 1994PhRvD..49.5199R. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.49.5199.
3. „Space and Time Warps”. Hawking.org.uk. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2010-11-25. Pristupljeno 11. 11. 2010.
4. Morris, Michael; Thorne, Kip; Yurtsever, Ulvi (1988). „Wormholes, Time Machines, and the Weak Energy Condition”. Physical Review Letters 61 (13): 1446-1449. Bibcode 1988PhRvL..61.1446M. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1446. PMID 10038800.
5. Sopova; Ford (2002). „The Energy Density in the Casimir Effect”. Physical Review D 66 (4): 045026. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.66.045026.
6. Ford; Roman (1995). „Averaged Energy Conditions and Quantum Inequalities”. Physical Review D 51 (8): 4277-4286. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.4277.
7. Olum (1998). „Superluminal travel requires negative energies”. Physical Review Letter 81 (17): 3567-3570. arXiv:gr-qc/9805003. Bibcode 1998PhRvL..81.3567O. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3567.

Literatura

• Thorne, Kip S. (1994). Black Holes and Time Warps. W. W. Norton. str. 494-496. ISBN 978-0-393-31276-8.
• DeBenedictis, Andrew and Das, A. (2001). „On a General Class of Wormhole Geometries”. Classical and Quantum Gravity 18 (7): 1187-1204. arXiv:gr-qc/0009072. Bibcode 2001CQGra..18.1187D. DOI:10.1088/0264-9381/18/7/304.
• Dzhunushaliev, Vladimir (2002). „Strings in the Einstein's paradigm of matter”. Classical and Quantum Gravity 19 (19): 4817-4824. arXiv:gr-qc/0205055. Bibcode 2002CQGra..19.4817D. DOI:10.1088/0264-9381/19/19/302.
• Einstein, Albert and Rosen, Nathan (1935). „The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity”. Physical Review 48: 73. Bibcode 1935PhRv...48...73E. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.48.73.
• Fuller, Robert W. and Wheeler, John A. (1962). „Causality and Multiply-Connected Space-Time”. Physical Review 128: 919. Bibcode 1962PhRv..128..919F. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.128.919.
• Garattini, Remo (2004). „How Spacetime Foam modifies the brick wall”. Modern Physics Letters A 19 (36): 2673-2682. arXiv:gr-qc/0409015. Bibcode 2004gr.qc.....9015G. DOI:10.1142/S0217732304015658.
• González-Díaz, Pedro F. (1998). „Quantum time machine”. Physical Review D 58 (12): 124011. arXiv:gr-qc/9712033. Bibcode 1998PhRvD..58l4011G. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.124011.
• González-Díaz, Pedro F. (1996). „Ringholes and closed timelike curves”. Physical Review D 54 (10): 6122-6131. arXiv:gr-qc/9608059. Bibcode 1996PhRvD..54.6122G. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.54.6122.
• Khatsymosky, Vladimir M. (1997). „Towards possibility of self-maintained vacuum traversable wormhole”. Physics Letters B 399 (3–4): 215-222. arXiv:gr-qc/9612013. Bibcode 1997PhLB..399..215K. DOI:10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00290-6.
• Krasnikov, Serguei (2006). „Counter example to a quantum inequality”. Gravity and Cosmology 46: 195. arXiv:gr-qc/0409007. Bibcode 2006GrCo...12..195K.
• Krasnikov, Serguei (2003). „The quantum inequalities do not forbid spacetime shortcuts”. Physical Review D 67 (10): 104013. arXiv:gr-qc/0207057. Bibcode 2003PhRvD..67j4013K. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.104013.
• Li, Li-Xin (2001). „Two Open Universes Connected by a Wormhole: Exact Solutions”. Journal of Geometrical Physics 40 (2): 154-160. arXiv:hep-th/0102143. Bibcode 2001JGP....40..154L. DOI:10.1016/S0393-0440(01)00028-6.
• Morris, Michael S., Thorne, Kip S., and Yurtsever, Ulvi (1988). „Wormholes, Time Machines, and the Weak Energy Condition”. Physical Review Letters 61 (13): 1446. Bibcode 1988PhRvL..61.1446M. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1446.
• Morris, Michael S. and Thorne, Kip S. (1988). „Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel: A tool for teaching general relativity”. American Journal of Physics 56 (5): 395-412. Bibcode 1988AmJPh..56..395M. DOI:10.1119/1.15620.
• Nandi, Kamal K. and Zhang, Yuan-Zhong (2006). „A Quantum Constraint for the Physical Viability of Classical Traversable Lorentzian Wormholes”. Journal of Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 9: 61-67. arXiv:gr-qc/0409053. Bibcode 2004gr.qc.....9053N.
• Ori, Amos (2005). „A new time-machine model with compact vacuum core”. Physical Review Letters 95 (2). arXiv:gr-qc/0503077. Bibcode 2005PhRvL..95b1101O. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.021101.
• Roman, Thomas, A. (2004). „Some Thoughts on Energy Conditions and Wormholes”.
• Teo, Edward (1998). „Rotating traversable wormholes”. Physical Review D 58 (2). arXiv:gr-qc/9803098. Bibcode 1998PhRvD..58b4014T. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.024014.
• Visser, Matt (2002). „The quantum physics of chronology protection by Matt Visser”.
• Visser, Matt (1989). „Traversable wormholes: Some simple examples”. Physical Review D 39 (10): 3182-3184. Bibcode 1989PhRvD..39.3182V. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.39.3182.

Vanjske veze

Crvotočina na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

• What exactly is a 'wormhole'? answered by Richard F. Holman, William A. Hiscock and Matt Visser.
• Why wormholes? by Matt Visser.
• White holes and Wormholes Arhivirano 2011-09-27 na Wayback Machine-u provides a very good description of Schwarzschild wormholes with graphics and animations, by Andrew J. S. Hamilton.
• Questions and Answers about Wormholes a comprehensive wormhole FAQ by Enrico Rodrigo.
• Large Hadron Collider – Theory on how the collider could create a small wormhole, possibly allowing time travel into the past.
• animation that simulates traversing a wormhole
• renderings and animations of a Morris-Thorne wormhole Arhivirano 2011-07-19 na Wayback Machine-u
• N.A.S.A's current theory on wormhole creation Arhivirano 2013-09-24 na Wayback Machine-u