Hong Kong

Hong Kong^[13] (Cheenese: 香港) is ane o twa special admeenistrative regions (SARs) o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (PRC), the ither bein Macau. Situatit on Cheenae's sooth coast an enclosed bi the Pearl River Delta an Sooth Cheenae Sea,^[14] it is weel kent for its expansive skyline an deep naitural harbour. Wi a land mass o 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) an a population o seiven million fowk, Hong Kong is ane o the maist densely populatit auries in the warld.^[15] Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Cheenese and 5 percent frae ither groups.^[5] Hong Kong's Han Cheenese majority oreeginate mainly frae the ceeties o Guangzhou an Taishan in the neighbourin Guangdong province.^[16]

Hong Kong Special Admeenistrative Region o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
Banner Emblem
Anthem: "Mairch o the Volunteers"[1]
Ceety flouer Bauhinia blakeana (洋紫荊)
Location o Hong Kong
Status	Special admeenistrative region
Offeecial leids	Cheenesea Inglis [2][3]
Official scripts[4]	Tradeetional Cheenese Inglis alphabet
Ethnic groups	93.6% Cheenese 6.4% ithers[5]
Demonym(s)	Hongkonger Hong Kongese 香港人
Sovereign state	Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
Govrenment	Multi-party system
• Chief Executive	John Lee
• Chief Juistice	Geoffrey Ma
• Chief Secretar for Admeenistration	Matthew Cheung[6]
• Financial Secretar	Paul Chan Mo-po[7]
• Secretary for Justice	Rimsky Yuen
• Preses o the Legislative Cooncil	Andrew Leung
Legislatur	Legislative Cooncil
History
• Breetish possession	26 Januar 1841
• Treaty o Nanking	29 August 1842
• Convention o Peking	18 October 1860
• Seicont Convention o Peking	1 Julie 1898
• Japanese occupation	25 December 1941 to 15 August 1945
• Transfer o sovereignty frae Unitit Kinrick	1 Julie 1997
Aurie
• Total	2,755 km2 (1,064 sq mi) (167th)
• Water (%)	59.8 (1,649 km2; 637 sq mi)[8]
Population
• 2014 estimate	7,234,800[9] (100t)
• Density	6,544[5]/km2 (16,948.9/sq mi) (4t)
GDP (PPP)	2015 estimate
• Total	$412.300 billion[10] (44t)
• Per capita	$56,428[10] (10t)
GDP (nominal)	2015 estimate
• Tot	$310.074 billion[10] (36t)
• Per capita	$42,437[10] (18t)
Gini (2011)	53.7[11] heich
HDI (2014)	0.910[12] verra heich · 12th
Currency	Hong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)
Time zone	UTC+8
• Summer (DST)	UTC+8 (not observed)
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy yyyy年mm月dd日
Drivin side	left
Cawin code	+852
ISO 3166 code	HK
Internet TLD	.hk   .香港
^ Cantonese is the de facto staundart o Cheenese uised.

Hong Kong became a colony o the Breetish Empire efter the First Opium War (1839–42). Oreeginally confined tae Hong Kong Island, the colony's mairches wis extendit in stages tae the Kowloon Peninsula an the New Territories bi 1898. It wis occupee'd bi Japan in the Paceefic War, efter whilk the Breetish resumed control till 1997, whan Cheenae regained sovereignty.^[17][18] The region espoosed minimum govrenment intervention unner the ethos o positive non-interventionism durin the colonial era.^[19] The time period greatly influenced the current cultur o Hong Kong, aften describit as "East meets Wast",^[20] an the educational seestem, whilk uised tae lowse follae the seestem in Ingland^[21] til reforms implemented in 2009.^[22] The locals hae a referendum fur unthirldom.

Unner the principle o "ane kintra, twa seestems", Hong Kong haes a different poleetical seestem frae mainland Cheenae.^[23] Hong Kong's independent judiciary functions unner the common law framewirk.^[24][25] The Basic Law o Hong Kong, its constitutional document, whilk stipulates that Hong Kong sall hae a "heich degree o autonomy" in aw matters cep foreign relations an military defence, govrens its poleetical seestem.^[26][27] Tho it haes a burgeonin multi-pairty seestem, a sma-circle electorate controls hauf o its legislatur. An 800-fowk Election Committee selects the Chief Executive o Hong Kong, the heid o govrenment.^[28][29]

As ane o the warld's leadin internaitional financial centres, Hong Kong haes a major caipitalist service economy characterised bi law taxation an free tred, an the currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the nint maist tradit currency in the warld.^[30] The lack o space caused demand for denser constructions, whilk developed the ceety tae a centre for modren airchitectur an the warld's maist vertical ceety.^[31][32] The dense space forybe led tae a heich developed transportation netwirk wi public transport travellin rate exceedin 90 percent,^[33] the heichest in the warld.^[34]

Etymology

The name "Hong Kong" is an approximate phonetic renderin o the pronunciation o the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name "香港", meanin "fragrant harbour" in Inglis.^[35] Afore 1842, the name referred tae a smaa inlet – nou Aberdeen Harbour or Little Hong Kong – atween the island o Ap Lei Chau an the sooth side o Hong Kong Island, which wis ane o the first pynts o contact atween Breetish sailors an local fishermen.^[36]

The reference tae fragrance mey refer tae the harbour waters sweetened bi the fresh watter estuarine influx o the Pearl River, or tae the incense frae factories linin the coast tae the north o Kowloon, whilk wis stored aroond Aberdeen Harbour for export afore the development o Victorie Harbour.^[35] In 1842, the Treaty o Nanking wis signed, an the name Hong Kong wis first recordit on offeecial documents tae encompass the entirety o the island.^[37]

Breetish Hong Kong Banner 1959–1997

Notes

Fuitnotes

1. Basic Law – Anthem
2. "Hong Kong – the Facts". GovHK. Retrieved 6 Januar 2017.
3. "OFFICIAL LANGUAGES DIVISION". Civil Service Bureau. Retrieved 6 Januar 2017.
4. "Disclaimer and Copyright Notice". The Legislative Council Commission. 12 December 2015. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
5. 2011 Population Census – Summary Results (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. Februar 2012. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
6. "New Chief Secretary Matthew Cheung's 45-year climb from information officer to minister". Retrieved 17 Januar 2017.
7. "Is Paul Chan qualified to handle Hong Kong's coffers?". Retrieved 17 Januar 2017.
8. "Maps and Services" Survey and Mapping Office
9. "Mid-year Population for 2014". Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong). 12 August 2014.
10. "Hong Kong". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
11. "Half-yearly Economic Report 2012" (PDF). Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
12. "2015 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
13. The name wis aften written as Hongkong til the govrenment adoptit the current form in 1926 (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). Housamiver, some century-auld organisations still uise the name, like the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric an The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. While the names o maist cities in the Fowk Republic o Cheenae is romanised uisin Pinyin, the official English name is Hong Kong raither than the pinyin Xianggang.
14. "Geography and Climate, Hong Kong" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 10 Januar 2007.
15. Ash, Russell (2006). The Top 10 of Everything 2007. Hamlyn. p. 78. ISBN 0-600-61532-4.
16. Fan Shuh Ching (1974). "The Population of Hong Kong" (PDF). World Population Year. Committee for International Coordination of National Research in Demography: 18–20. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
17. "Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong". Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, Hong Kong Government. 19 December 1984. Retrieved 4 October 2010. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that to recover the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong) is the common aspiration of the entire Chinese people, and that it has decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997.
18. "On This Day: 1997: Hong Kong handed over to Chinese control". BBC News. 1 Julie 1997. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
19. "The World's Most Competitive Financial Centers". CNBC. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
20. "24 hours in Hong Kong: Urban thrills where East meets West". CNN. 8 Mairch 2009. Retrieved 27 Mey 2009.
21. Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3.
22. "Programme Highlights". Hong Kong Government. Archived frae the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
23. So, Dudley L.; Lin, Nan; Poston (2001). The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 13–29. ISBN 0-313-30869-1.
24. "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 4". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Archived frae the original on 27 Januar 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
25. Russell, Peter H.; O'Brien, David M. (2001). Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy: Critical Perspectives from around the World. University of Virginia Press. p. 306. ISBN 9780813920160.
26. "Basic Law, Chapter II". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Archived frae the original on 29 Julie 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
27. Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-ethnic States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–97. ISBN 9780521786423.
28. "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 1". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Archived frae the original on 27 Januar 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
29. Rioni, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. Nova Publishers. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781590332375.
30. "Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in April 2007" (PDF). Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007. Bank for International Settlements: 7. September 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
31. "Vertical Cities: Hong Kong/New York". Time Out. 3 August 2008. Archived frae the original on 16 Januar 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
32. "Home page". Skyscraper Museum. 14 Julie 2008. Archived frae the original on 1 Julie 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
33. "Public Transport Introduction". Transport Department, Hong Kong Government. Archived frae the original on 7 Julie 2008. Retrieved 13 Julie 2008.
34. Lam, William H. K.; Bell, Michael G. H. (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-08-044206-8.
35. Room, Adrian (2005). Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company. p. 168. ISBN 0786422483.
36. Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel (1997). China's Imperial Way. China Books and Periodicals. p. 218. ISBN 9622175112.
37. Fairbank, John King (1953). Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 123–128. ISBN 9780804706483.

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