Ingaruka Zitabi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kunywa itabi bigira ingaruka mbi cyane kubuzima bwabantu no guhangayikishwa ningaruka zubuzima bwitabi bifite amateka maremare. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze ahanini ku kunywa itabi . [1] [2]Umwotsi w'itabi urimo imiti irenga 70 itera kanseri . [3] Itabi ririmo kandi nikotine, ikaba ari ibiyobyabwenge byangiza cyane psychoactive . Iyo itabi rinyweye, nikotine itera kwishingikiriza kumubiri no mubitekerezo. Itabi rigurishwa mu bihugu bitaratera imbere usanga rifite ibipimo byinshi, kandi ntibishobora kuyungurura, bikaba byongera ingaruka ziterwa n’itabi ry’indwara ziterwa n’itabi muri utwo turere.[4] Kunywa itabi nimwe mu mpamvu zikomeye zitera urupfu rushobora kwirindwa ku isi. [5] Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyabantu bakoresha itabi bapfa bazize ingorane zo gukoresha itabi. [6] Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko buri mwaka itabi ritera impfu zigera kuri miliyoni 6 (hafi 10% by'impfu zose) hamwe 600.000 muri zo zikaba ziboneka mu batanywa itabi kubera umwotsi w’itabi . [6] [7] Bivugwa ko itabi ryahitanye abantu miliyoni 100 mu kinyejana cya 20. [6] Muri ubwo buryo, Ikigo cyo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara kivuga ko ikoreshwa ry’itabi ari "imwe mu ngaruka zikomeye zishobora kwirindwa ku buzima bw’abantu mu bihugu byateye imbere ndetse n’impamvu ikomeye y’urupfu rutaragera ku isi." [8] Kugeza ubu, umubare w'abantu bapfa imburagihe muri Amerika bazize kunywa itabi ku mwaka uruta umubare w'abakozi bakoreshwa mu nganda z'itabi kuri 4 kugeza kuri 1. [9] Nk’uko byagaragajwe mu mwaka wa 2014 mu kinyamakuru cyitwa New England Journal of Medicine, itabi rizahitana abantu bagera kuri miliyari imwe mu kinyejana cya 21 niba ubu itabi rikomeje, kimwe cya kabiri cyabo mbere y’imyaka 70.[10]
Mu 1953, abahanga bo mu kigo cya Sloan-Kettering mu mujyi wa New York berekanye ko itabi ry’itabi ryanditswe ku ruhu rw'imbeba ryateye kanseri yica. [11] Iki gikorwa cyashimishije cyane itangazamakuru; ikinyamakuru New York Times n'Ubuzima byombi byagaragaje ikibazo. Umusomyi Digest yasohoye ingingo yise "Kanseri na Carton".[12] Ku ya 11 Mutarama 1964, Raporo y’Ubuvuzi Bukuru bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ku itabi n’ubuzima yashyizwe ahagaragara; ibi byatumye abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni banywa itabi ryabanyamerika bareka, kubuza kwamamaza bimwe, hamwe nibisabwa kubirango biburira ibicuruzwa byitabi. Ibisubizo byemerwa bwa mbere mu buvuzi, kandi bitangazwa mu baturage muri rusange, hagati ya za 1960. [13] Umuryango w’abaganga wanze igitekerezo kivuga ko itabi ryateje indwara ryatewe no kubogama kw’abaganga baterwa na nikotine, agashya k’imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y'ikirere ikenewe kugira ngo hakoreshwe uburyo bwa epidemiologi na heuristique ku ndwara zitandura, ndetse n’igitutu cy’inganda z’itabi. [13]Ingaruka zubuzima bwitabi zagize uruhare runini mugutezimbere siyanse ya epidemiologiya . Nkuko uburyo bwa kanseri butera radiomimetike cyangwa radiologiya, ingaruka zirakomeye. Ibisobanuro bisobanutse birashobora gutangwa gusa kubijyanye no kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka amahirwe yo kwandura indwara runaka. Ku muntu runaka, ntibishoboka kwerekana byimazeyo isano iri hagati yo guhura nuburozi bwa radiomimetike nkumwotsi w itabi na kanseri ikurikira; imvugo nkiyi irashobora gutangwa gusa kurwego rusange rwabaturage. Amasosiyete y’itabi yifashishije iyi myumvire ya filozofiya kandi akoresha ugushidikanya kw’abaganga batekereza ko ari abantu ku giti cyabo, ku isano iterwa no kwerekana uburozi nk’indwara nyirizina.[14]
Ubushinwa bufite abaturage benshi banywa itabi, bukurikirwa n'Ubuhinde . Ubuhinde bufite abaturage benshi bahekenya itabi ku isi. Abantu 154 bapfa buri saha mu Buhinde bazira itabi. [15] [16]
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