Operațiunea Overlord

Operațiunea Overlord^[11] a fost numele de cod al Bătăliei pentru Normandia, operațiune care a constat într-o invazie a Aliaților asupra Europei occidentale ocupate de Germania nazistă. Operațiunea a început la 6 iunie 1944 cu Debarcarea din Normandia (Operațiunea Neptun, cunoscută mai ales ca Ziua-Z).

Operațiunea Overlord
Parte a Frontului de Vest din cel de-Al Doilea Război Mondial
Debarcarea proviziilor pe plaja Omaha
Informații generale
Perioadă 6 iunie – 25 august 1944 Loc Normandia, Franța 49°20′00″N 0°34′00″W ({{PAGENAME}}) Rezultat victorie decisivă a Aliaților
Beligeranți
Aliații de pe Frontul de Vest  Statele Unite  Regatul Unit  Canada Forțele Franceze Libere Polonia Cehoslovacia  Australia  Noua Zeelandă  Olanda Forțele Belgiene Libere Grecia Luxemburg[nb 1]	Germania
Conducători
Dwight Eisenhower (Supreme Allied Commander) Arthur Tedder (Deputy Supreme Allied Commander) Bernard Montgomery (Ground Forces Commander in Chief) Trafford Leigh-Mallory (Air Commander in Chief) Bertram Ramsay (Naval Commander in Chief)	Gerd von Rundstedt (Oberbefehlshaber West) Erwin Rommel (Heeresgruppe B)
Efective
1,452,000 (by 25 July)[nb 2] 2,052,299 (by 21 August, in northern France alone)[nb 3]	380,000 (by 23 July)[nb 4] – 1,000,000+[nb 5] 2,200[4] – ~2,300 tanks and assault guns[5]
Pierderi
226,386 casualties[nb 6] [nb 7] 4,101 planes[7] ~4,000 tanks[nb 8]	209,875[nb 9] – 450,000 casualties[nb 10] 2,127 planes[9] ~2,200 tanks and assault guns[nb 11]	13,632–19,890 French civilians killed or injured[10]
Modifică date / text

Referințe și note

Note de subsol

1. Câțiva soldați luxemburghezi au fost incorporați în "Commando Kieffer" care era parte a Forțelor Franceze Libere.^[1] Alți soldați luxemburghezi au fost incorporați în "Brigada Piron" care era parte a Forțelor Belgiene Libere.
2. "On 25 July there were 812,000 US soldiers and 640,000 British in Normandy".^[2]
3. "By 21 August, the Allies had landed 2,052,299 men in Normandy". ^[3]
4. "When Operation Cobra was launched, the Germans had brought to Normandy about 410,000 men in divisions and non-divisional combat units. If this is multiplied by 1.19 we arrive at approximately 490,000 soldiers. However, until 23 July, casualties amounted to 116,863, while only 10,078 replacements had arrived"^[2].
5. Shulman states that the Wehrmacht committed well over 1 million men to the Normandy Campaign.^[4]
6. This is the total number of casualties suffered by the Allied forces up to the end of August. The Allied forces suffered 36,976 killed, 153,475 wounded and 19,221 missing. Split between the Army Groups: the Anglo-Canadian Army Group suffered 16,138 killed, 58,594 wounded and 9,093 missing for a total of 83,825 casualties. The American Army Group suffered 20,838 killed, 94,881 wounded and 10,128 missing for a total of 125,847 casualties.^[6]
7. To these numbers should also be added the losses of the allied airforces operating. The allied airforces made 480,317 sorties in direct connection to the operation with the loss of 4,101 planes and the lives of 16,696 crewmen.^[7]
8. Approximately 4000 Allied tanks was destroyed, of which 2000 were fighting in American units.^[8]
9. Tamelander states that the German army committed 600,000 men to Normandy and 230,000 to Southern France during the period between 1 June and 31 July. Of these forces stationed in France, 288,875 men were lost, a figure that breaks down to 23,019 dead, 67,240 wounded, and 198,616 missing. Tamelander notes that the number of missing corresponds to the number of men reported captured by the Allied forces during the fighting in France and as these figures also include losses from the fighting in Southern France as well as from the following retreat, he suggests roughly 79,000 men should be deducted from this total to give an accurate figure for the Normandy campaign. Total German losses for Normandy thus reach 210,000 men and Tamelander points out that this figure corresponds to the reported losses that previous to Operation Dragoon were 158,930, which together with the losses inflicted by the Falaise pocket reach approximately 210,000 men.^[9]
10. Shulman claims 240,000 men of the German army had been killed or wounded during the Normandy campaign and a further 210,000 had been taken prisoner.^[4] Wilmot supports the figure of 210,000 prisoners being taken during the "10 week campaign".^[5]
11. Wilmot quotes Günther Blumentritt, von Rundstedt's Chief-of-Staff, who states that around 2,300 tanks and assault guns had been committed to the battle in Normandy and "only 100 to 120 were brought back across the Seine."^[5]

Note

1. Raths 2008, pp. 357,358.
2. Zetterling 2000, p. 32.
3. Zetterling 2000, p. 341.
4. Shulman, p. 192
5. Wilmot 1997, p. 434.
6. Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004, p. 493.
7. Tamelander & Zetterling 2003, p. 341.
8. Tamelander & Zetterling 2003, p. 342.
9. Tamelander & Zetterling 2003, pp. 342–343.
10. Flint 2009, pp. 336–337.
11. Churchill 1951, p. 642.

Bibliografie

• Ambrose, Stephen E. (1994). D-Day (ed. First). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80137-X.
• Ambrose, Stephen (1995). D-Day 6 iunie 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-67334-5.
• Beevor, Antony (2009). D-Day:The Battle for Normandy (ed. First). London: Viking an imprint of Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-88703-3.
• Bickers, Richard (1994). Air War Normandy. Pen And Sword Books. ISBN 0-85052-412-1.
• Buckley, John (2006) [2004]. British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-40773-7.
• Churchill, Winston (1940). „Dieu Protege (sic) la France”. London: The Churchill Society. Arhivat din original la 12 mai 2021. Accesat în 3 noiembrie 2007.^{[necesită clarificare]}
• Churchill, Winston (1951) [1st. pub. 1948]. Closing the Ring. The Second World War, Book 5. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396150.
• Corta, Henry (1952). Les bérets rouges (Red Berets) (în French). Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
  Henry Corta (1921–1998) was a Free French SAS lieutenant veteran.
• Corta, Henry (1997). Qui ose gagne (Who dares wins) (în French). Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre, Vincennes, France. ISBN 978-2-86323-103-6.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
• Dear, I.C.B.; Foot, M.R.D., ed. (2005) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280666-6.
• Ellis, L.F.; Allen, G.R.G. & Warhurst, A.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1962]. Butler, J.R.M, ed. Victory in the West, Volume I: The Battle of Normandy. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press Ltd. ISBN 1-84574-058-0.
• Flint, Edwards R (2009). The development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British Sector of Allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944 (Teză). Cranfield, Bedford: Cranfield University; Cranfield Defence and Security School, Department of Applied Science, Security and Resilience, Security and Resilience Group. OCLC 757064836.
• Gaddis, John Lewis (1990) [1972]. Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States An Interpretive History. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780075572589.
• Gilbert, Martin (1989). Second World War. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-1788-5.
• Hamilton, Nigel (2004). Montgomery, Bernard Law [Monty], first Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (1887–1976). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31460. Parametru necunoscut |encyclpedia= ignorat (ajutor) (necesită abonare)
• Herf, Jeffrey (2006). The Jewish enemy: Nazi propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02175-4.
• Keegan, John (1982). Six Armies in Normandy. Penguin Books. ISBN 0 14 00 5293 Verificați valoarea |isbn=: length (ajutor).
• Keegan, John (1990). The Second World War. Harmonsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-011341-X.
• Keegan, John (1997) [1989]. The Second World War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-7348-8.
• Martin, Charles Cromwell (1994). Battle Diary. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1-55002-213-X.
• Raths, Aloyse (2008). Unheilvolle Jahre für Luxemburg - Années néfastes pour le Grand-Duché. Luxembourg: Éd. du Rappel. OCLC 723898422.
• Stacey, C.P. (1948). The Canadian Army 1939–45: A Historical Summary. Ottawa: Published by Authority of the Minister of National Defence.
• Stacey, C.P. (1960). The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. Ottawa: Published by Authority of the Minister of National Defence. Arhivat din original la 21 februarie 2008. Accesat în 31 octombrie 2012.
• Tamelander, M.; Zetterling, Niklas (2003) [1st. pub. 1995]. Avgörandes Ögonblick: Invasionen i Normandie [Determining the stock Moments: The invasion of Normandy] (în Swedish) (ed. New). Stockholm: Norstedts. ISBN 9789113012049.Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (link)
• Weinberg, Gerhard (1995) [1st pub. 1993]. A world at arms - A global history of World War II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521558792.
• Weigley, Russell F. (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944-1945. I. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253133335.
• Williams, Brian (2000). „The Atlantic Wall”. Normandy, France - June 1944. Military history online.com. Arhivat din original la 20 septembrie 2007. Accesat în decembrie 2011.
• Williams, Jeffery (1988). The Long Left Flank. London: Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-880-0.
• Wilmot, Chester (1952). The Struggle for Europe. London: Collins. OCLC 753234755.
• Wilmot, Chester (1997) [This ed. 1st. pub. 1967]. The Struggle For Europe (ed. Revised). Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-677-9.
• Zetterling, Niklas (2000). Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness. J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-921991-56-8.

Legături externe

• Documents available online from the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Guide to materials at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Guide to materials on the planning of Operation Overlord at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Booknotes interview with Stephen Ambrose on D-Day: 6 iunie 1944, 5 iunie 1994. Arhivat în 7 septembrie 2016, la Wayback Machine.