Hard science fiction

Hard science-fiction (cu sensul de științifico-fantasticul dur sau științifico-fantasticul tare sau științifico-fantasticul hard) este un gen al științifico-fantastic-ului în care se pune accentul pe detaliile științifice sau tehnice, ori pe acuratețea științifică, sau pe ambele^[1][2]. Termenul a fost folosit pentru prima data în format tipărit în 1957 de către P. Schuyler Miller într-o recenzie a Islands of Space de John W. Campbell, recenzie publicată în Astounding^[3][4][5]. Termenul complementar de soft science fiction (științifico-fantasticul moale sau științifico-fantasticul soft, format prin analogie cu științifico-fantasticul tare) a apărut pentru prima oară la sfârșitul anilor 1970.^[6]

Exemple

Romane

• Robert A. Heinlein, The Rolling Stones (1952)
• Hal Clement, Mission of Gravity (1953)^[7]
• John Wyndham, The Outward Urge (1959)
• Arthur C. Clarke, A Fall of Moondust (1961)^[5]
• Stanislaw Lem, Solaris (1961)
• Arthur C. Clarke, A Fall of Moondust (1961),^[5] Rendezvous with Rama (1972)
• Stanislaw Lem, Invincibilul (1964)
• Michael Crichton, The Andromeda Strain (1969)
• Poul Anderson, Tau Zero (1970)
• Joe Haldeman, The Forever War (1974)
• James P. Hogan, The Two Faces of Tomorrow (1979)^[5]
• Robert L. Forward, Dragon's Egg (1980)^[8] & Starquake
• James P. Hogan, The Two Faces of Tomorrow (1979)^[5]
• Robert L. Forward, Dragon's Egg (1980)^[9]
• F.M. Busby The Star Rebel (1984)
• Charles Sheffield, Between the Strokes of Night (1985)^[5]
• The World at the End of Time de Frederik Pohl (1990)
• Kim Stanley Robinson, Trilogia Marte (Red Mars (1992), Green Mars (1993), Blue Mars (1996))^[10][11]
• Michael Crichton, Jurassic Park (1990)
• Robert Silverberg (editor), Murasaki (1992)
• Ben Bova, Seria Grand Tour (1992-)
• Nancy Kress, Beggars in Spain (1993)^[12]
• Catherine Asaro, Primary Inversion (1995, 2012)
• Linda Nagata, The Nanotech Succession (1995-1998)
• Stephen Baxter, Ring (1996)
• Greg Egan, Schild's Ladder (2002)^[13]
• Gwyneth Jones, Life (2004)
• Alastair Reynolds, Revelation Space (2000) ^[14]
• Greg Egan, Schild's Ladder (2002)^[15]
• Alastair Reynolds, Pushing Ice (2005)
• Cixin Liu, "The Three Body Problem" (2006)
• Paul J. McAuley, The Quiet War (2008)
• Charles Stross, Spațiul singularității (2003), Răsărit de fier (2004)
• Andy Weir, The Martian (2011)^[16]
• Neal Stephenson, Seveneves (2015)

Povestiri

• Hal Clement, "Uncommon Sense" (1945)
• James Blish, "Surface Tension" (1952), (Cartea a 3-a a The Seedling Stars [1957])^[7]
• Tom Godwin, "The Cold Equations" (1954)^[7]
• Poul Anderson, "Kyrie" (1968)^[7] Informații despre această povestire
• Frederik Pohl, "Day Million" (1971)^[7]
• Larry Niven, "Inconstant Moon" (1971) și "The Hole Man" (1974)^[7]
• Greg Bear, "Tangents" (1986)^[7]
• Frederik Pohl, "Day Million" (1971)^[7]
• Larry Niven, "Inconstant Moon" (1971) și "The Hole Man" (1974)^[7]
• Geoffrey A. Landis, "O plimbare prin Soare" (1991)^[12]
• Vernor Vinge, "Fast Times at Fairmont High" (2001)^[12]

Filme

• 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)^[17]
• Marooned (1969)
• The Andromeda Strain (1971)
• Silent Running (1972)^[17]
• Solaris (1972)^[17]
• Dark Star (1974)^[17]
• Stalker (1979)
• Blade Runner (1982)^[18]
• 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984) — sequel to 2001
• Contact (1997)^[17]
• Gattaca (1997)^[17]
• Primer (2004)
• Sunshine (2007)^[17]
• The Man from Earth (2007)
• Moon (2009)^[17]
• Robot and Frank (2012)
• Gravity (2013)^[17]
• Her (2013)
• Europa Report (2013)
• Interstellar (2014)
• Ex Machina (2015)
• The Martian (2015)

Televiziune

• Black Mirror (2011)
• Westworld (2016)

Anime / Manga

• Yukinobu Hoshino, 2001 Nights (1984, 1986)
• They Were Eleven (1986)
• Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1987)
• Patlabor 2: The Movie (1993)
• Makoto Yukimura, Planetes (1999, 2004)
• Flag (2006)
• Pale Cocoon (2006)
• Dennō Coil (2007)
• Moonlight Mile (2007)
• Rocket Girls (2007)
• Eden of the East (2009)

Romane grafice

• Policenauts (1994)
• YU-NO (1996)

Benzi desenate

• Robot ("The Sanatorium of Dr. Vliperdius"/Mortal Engines); Timof Comics (based upon stories by Stanislaw Lem) (2013)
• Ringworld: The Graphic Novel, Part One (2014) & Part Two (2015)
• Russians on the Moon! (2016)

Note

1. Nicholls, Peter (1993). „Hard SF”. În John Clute, Peter Nicholls. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.
2. Wolfe, Gary K. (1986). „Hard Science Fiction”. Critical Terms for Science Fiction and Fantasy: A Glossary and Guide to Scholarship.
3. „hard science fiction n”. Science fiction citations. Jesse's word. 25 iulie 2005. Accesat în 7 octombrie 2007. Earliest cite: P. Schuyler Miller in Astounding Science Fiction ... he called A Fall of Moondust "hard" science fiction
4. Hartwell, David G. (2002). „Introduction: New People, New Places, New Politics”. The Hard SF Renaissance. New York: Tor. ISBN 0-312-87635-1.
5. Westfahl, Gary (28 februarie 1996). „Introduction”. Cosmic Engineers: A Study of Hard Science Fiction (Contributions to the Study of Science Fiction and Fantasy). Greenwood Press. p. 2. ISBN 0313297274. Accesat în 7 octombrie 2007. hard science fiction ... the term was first used by P. Schuyler Miller in 1957
6. „soft science fiction n”. Science fiction citations. Jesse's word. 25 iulie 2005. Accesat în 7 octombrie 2007. Soft science fiction, probably a back-formation from Hard Science Fiction
7. David G. Hartwell, Kathryn Cramer, ed. (1994). The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF. New York: Published by Tom Doherty Associates, Inc. ISBN 978-0312855093. Arhivat din original la 9 mai 2008. Accesat în 9 decembrie 2011.
8. Chris Aylott. „The Humans Were Flat but the Cheela Were Charming in 'Dragon's Egg'”. Accesat în 27 ianuarie 2009. Some editions also inclide a preface by Larry Niven, admitting that "I couldn't have written it; it required too much real physics"
9. Aylott, Chris. „The Humans Were Flat but the Cheela Were Charming in 'Dragon's Egg'”. Accesat în 27 ianuarie 2009. Some editions also include a preface by Larry Niven, admitting that "I couldn't have written it; it required too much real physics"
10. Alyott, Chris (20 iunie 2000). „The Vanishing Martian”. SPACE.com. Accesat în 20 iulie 2008.
11. Horton, Richard R. (21 februarie 1997). „Blue Mars review”. Accesat în 20 iulie 2008. Review by Rich Horton]
12. Hartwell, David G. (2002). The Hard SF Renaissance. New York: Tor. ISBN 0-312-87635-1.
13. Schild's Ladder by Greg Egan
14. Revelation Space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
15. „Schild's Ladder”.
16. „Andy Weir, "The Martian" (Crown, 2014)”. 6 septembrie 2014.
17. „Contemplate Your Place in the Universe with Hard Sci-Fi Film Classics!”. 17 noiembrie 2014.
18. „23 Best Hard Science Fiction Books - The Best Science Fiction Books”. 28 februarie 2015.

Bibliografie suplimentară

• On Hard Science Fiction: A Bibliography, originally published in Science Fiction Studies #60 (July 1993).
• David G. Hartwell, "Hard Science Fiction," Arhivat în 9 mai 2008, la Wayback Machine., Introduction to The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard Science Fiction, 1994, ISBN 0-312-85509-5
• Kathryn Cramer's chapter on hard science fiction in The Cambridge Companion to SF, ed. Farah Mendlesohn & Edward James.
• Gary Westfahl (28 februarie 1996). Cosmic Engineers: A Study of Hard Science Fiction (Contributions to the Study of Science Fiction and Fantasy). Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29727-4.
• A Political History of SF by Eric Raymond
• The Science in Science Fiction by Brian Stableford, David Langford, & Peter Nicholls (1982)

Legături externe

• Kheper Realism scale
• The Ascent of Wonder Arhivat în 28 august 2006, la Wayback Machine. by David G. Hartwell & Kathryn Cramer. Story notes and introductions.
• Hard Science Fiction Exclusive Interviews Arhivat în 7 februarie 2009, la Wayback Machine.
• The Ten Best Hard Science Fiction Books of all Time Arhivat în 12 aprilie 2012, la Wayback Machine., selected by the editors of MIT's Technology Review, 2011