Industria automobilistică

Industria automobilistică este o gamă largă de companii și organizații implicate în proiectarea, dezvoltarea, producerea și comercializarea autovehiculelor.^[1] Este unul din cele mai importante sectoare economice după venit. Industria automobilistică nu include industriile dedicate întreținerii automobilelor după livrarea lor la utilizatorul final, cum ar fi atelierele de reparații auto și stațiile de alimentare cu carburanți.

Uzina de automobile Thomas B. Jeffery din Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916

Linia de asamblare a Citroënului în 1918

CEO ai companiilor automobilistice majore alături de cancelarul german Angela Merkel la Electromobility Summit 2013 în Berlin. F.r.t.l.: Neumann (Opel), Varin (PSA), Zetsche (Daimler), Wan Gang (China)

Producția mondială de autovehicule

Vezi și: Lista țărilor după producția de autovehicule.

Decenii întregi Statele Unite au condus în topul producției mondiale de automobile. În 1929, înainte de Marea depresie, în lume existau 32.028.500 de automobile în uz, iar industria auto din SUA a produs circa 90% din ele. La acel moment SUA avea în medie o mașină la 4,87 persoane.^[2] După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, SUA deținea circa 3/4 din producția auto mondială. În 1980 SUA a fost depășită de Japonia, dar a redevenit lider în 1994. În 2006, Japonia a întrecut SUA la limită în producția de automobile și a deținut această poziție până în 2009, când China a urcat în top cu 13,8 milioane de unități. Cu un total 18,4 milioane de unități în 2011, China a produs un număr de automobile mai mult decât dublu în comparație cu SUA care a fost a doua cu 8,7 milioane de unități, în timp ce Japonia s-a clasat pe locul trei cu 8,4 milioane de unități.^[3]

După an

Producția globală de autovehicule

(mașini și vehicule comerciale)

Am	Producție	Schimbare	Sursa
1997	54.434.000		[4]
1998	52.987.000	-2.7%	[4]
1999	56.258.892	6.2%	[5]
2000	58.374.162	3.8%	[6]
2001	56.304.925	-3.5%	[7]
2002	58.994.318	4.8%	[8]
2003	60.663.225	2.8%	[9]
2004	64.496.220	6.3%	[10]
2005	66.482.439	3.1%	[11]
2006	69.222.975	4.1%	[12]
2007	73.266.061	5.8%	[13]
2008	70.520.493	-3.7%	[14]
2009	61.791.868	-12.4%	[15]
2010	77.857.705	26.0%	[16]
2011	79.989.155	3.1%	[17]
2012	84.141.209	5.3%	[18]

După țară

Articol principal: Lista țărilor după producția de autovehicule.

După producător

Clasamentul producătorilor după producție, 2012^[19]

#	Grup	Total	Mașini	LCV	HCV	Heavy Bus
1	Toyota	10,104,424	8,381,968	1,448,107	268,377	5,972
2	GM	9,285,425	6,608,567	2,658,612	7,558	10,688
3	Volkswagen	9,254,742	8,576,964	486,544	169,064	22,170
4	Hyundai	7,126,413	6,761,074	279,579	70,290	15,470
5	Ford	5,595,483	3,123,340	2,394,221	77,922
6	Nissan	4,889,379	3,830,954	1,022,974	35,451
7	Honda	4,110,857	4,078,376	32,481
8	PSA	2,911,764	2,554,059	357,705
9	Suzuki	2,893,602	2,483,721	409,881
10	Renault	2,676,226	2,302,769	373,457
11	Chrysler	2,371,427	656,892	1,702,235	12,300
12	Daimler AG	2,195,152	1,455,650	257,496	450,622	31,384
13	FIAT	2,127,295	1,501,979	498,984	85,513	40,819
14	BMW	2,065,477	2,065,216	261
15	SAIC	1,783,548	1,523,398	190,848	67,805	1,497
16	Tata	1,241,239	744,067	314,399	165,171	17,602
17	Mazda	1,189,283	1,097,661	91,622
18	Dongfeng Motor	1,137,950	539,845	245,641	337,545	14,919
19	Mitsubishi	1,109,731	980,001	127,435	2,295
20	Changan	1,063,721	835,334	166,727	59,978	1,682
21	Geely	922,906	922,906
22	Fuji	753,320	734,959	18,361
23	BAIC	720,828	83,033	285,081	348,659	4,055
24	FAW	706,012	480,443	52,983	168,793	3,793
25	Great Wall	624,426	487,704	136,722
26	Mahindra	606,418	429,101	173,083	3,461	773
27	Isuzu	600,470		32,309	565,617	2,544
28	Chery	563,951	550,565	13,386
29	Avtovaz	553,232	553,232
30	Brilliance	489,770	231,527	231,862	26,381
31	JAC	476,356	200,278	114,864	145,811	15,403
32	BYD	455,444	455,444
33	Chonhqing Lifan	272,657	183,750	24,035	64,872
34	Volvo	234,680			224,000	10,680
35	Proton	162,455	134,934	27,521
36	China National Heavy Duty Truck	127,792		1,224	125,792	776
37	Paccar	125,336			125,336
38	GAZ	125,319		88,899	21,561	14,859
39	Ashok Leyland	117,738		30,776	61,519	25,443
40	Hunan Jiangnan Automobile Manufacturing Co.	117,051	117,051
41	GAC Group	114,157	87,408	25,611		1,138
42	Shannxi	86,283	8,044	166	77,808	265
43	Porsche	86,083	86,083
44	Soueast (Fujian)	85,515	81,512	4,003
45	Navistar	83,371			72,005	11,366
46	Xiamen King Long	78,226		36,451		41,775
47	UAZ	70,434	32,469	37,965
48	Tangjun Ou Ling	69,167		16,459	52,708
49	Hebei Zhongxing	63,221	4,955	58,266
50	Sichuan Nanjun	60,743		18,296	41,602	845

OICA^[20] defines these entries as follows:

• Passenger cars are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the transport of passengers, and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat.
• Light commercial vehicles (LCV) are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the carriage of goods. Mass given in tons (metric tons) is used as a limit between light commercial vehicles and heavy trucks. This limit depends on national and professional definitions and varies between 3.5 and 7 tons. Minibuses, derived from light commercial vehicles, are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat and having a maximum mass between 3.5 and 7 tons.
• Heavy trucks (HCV) are vehicles intended for the carriage of goods. Maximum authorised mass is over the limit (ranging from 3.5 to 7 tons) of light commercial vehicles. They include tractor vehicles designed for towing semi-trailers.
• Buses and coaches are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat, and having a maximum mass over the limit (ranging from 3.5 to 7 tones) of light commercial vehicles.

Topul grupurilor de producători auto după volum

Tabelul de mai jos prezintă cele mai mari grupuri de producători de autovehicule din lume, împreună cu mărcile produse de fiecare. Tabelul prezintă situația de la finele anului 2011 conform International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)^[21]

Marcă	Țara de origine	Ownership	Piețe de desfacere
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America
Hino		Subsidiary	South East Asia, Japan, North America and South America
Lexus		Division	South East Asia, Japan, Middle East, United States, Canada, Europe, Brazil, Panama, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India
Ranz		Joint-venture	China
Scion		Division	United States, Canada
Toyota		Division	Global, except Iran
2. General Motors Company ( United States)
Baojun		Joint venture	China
Buick		Division	United States, Canada, Mexico, China, Israel
Cadillac		Division	North America, Europe, Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea
Chevrolet		Division	Global, except Australia, New Zealand
GMC		Division	North America, Middle East(except Israel)
Holden		Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand
HSV		Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand
Jie Fang		Joint venture	China
UzDaewoo		Joint venture	Central Asia, Russia
Wuling		Joint venture	China
3. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany)
Audi		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Bentley		Subsidiary	Global
Bugatti		Subsidiary	Global
Lamborghini		Subsidiary	Global
Ducati		Subsidiary	Global
MAN		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, India
Porsche		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Scania		Subsidiary	Global
SEAT		Subsidiary	Europe, South America, Africa, Middle East, China, Mexico
Škoda		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia, Central America (including Dominican Republic), South America, Northern and western Africa, Australia, New Zealand
Volkswagen		Subsidiary	Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles		Subsidiary	Europe, Central America, South America, Australia, China
4. Hyundai Motor Group ( South Korea)
Hyundai		Division	Global, except Mexico
Kia		Subsidiary	Global
5. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford		Division	Global
FPV		Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand
Lincoln		Division	United States, Canada, Mexico, Middle East, Japan, South Korea, China
Troller		Subsidiary	South America, Africa
6. Nissan ( Japan)
Datsun		Division	Indonesia, India, Russia, South Africa
Infiniti		Subsidiary	Global, except Japan, Korea, South America and Africa
Nissan		Division	Global
Venucia		Joint venture	China
7. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
Abarth		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Alfa Romeo		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran, China, Taiwan and the Philippines
Chrysler		Subsidiary	Global, except Europe (excluding UK and Ireland), Africa (excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)
Dodge		Subsidiary	Global, except Europe, Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)
Ferrari		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia
Fiat		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia
Fiat Professional		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia, United States, Canada
Jeep		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding the Philippines)
Lancia		Subsidiary	Europe (except UK and Ireland, Cyprus, Denmark, Norway, Iceland & East Europe)
Maserati		Subsidiary	Global
Ram		Subsidiary	United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Middle East, Peru
SRT		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa(excluding South Africa and Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Zastava Trucks		Subsidiary	Europe
Tofaș		Joint Venture	Europe
8. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)
Citroën		Subsidiary	Europe, Central and South America, Northern and Western Africa, South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Asia (except India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
Peugeot		Subsidiary	Global, except USA, Canada, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
Opel		Subsidiary	Europe (except UK), North Africa, South Africa, Middle East, China, Singapore, Chile
Vauxhall		Subsidiary	United Kingdom
9. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura		Division	United States, Canada, Mexico, China
Everus		Joint venture	China
Honda		Division	Global
10. Renault ( France)
Dacia		Subsidiary	Europe, Middle East, Northern Africa
Renault		Division	Global, except United States, Canada, Korea, Africa (excluding Northern Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa)
Renault Samsung		Subsidiary	South Korea, Chile
11. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Suzuki		Division	Global, except USA, Canada and Korea
Maruti Suzuki		Subsidiary	India, Middle East, South America
12. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW		Division	Global
MINI		Division	Global
Rolls-Royce		Subsidiary	Global
13. Daimler AG ( Germany)
BharatBenz		Division	India
Denza		Joint venture	China
Freightliner		Division	North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
Master		Subsidiary	Pakistan
Mercedes-Benz		Division	Global
Mitsubishi Fuso		Subsidiary	Global
Setra		Division	Europe, Asia, USA
Smart		Division	Global
Thomas Built		Subsidiary	North America
Western Star		Subsidiary	North America, Australia, New Zealand
14. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda		Division	Global, except Korea
15. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi		Division	Global, except Korea
Ralliart		Subsidiary	Global, Except Korea
16. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( China)
Fengshen		Division	China
Venucia		Joint venture	China
17. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India)
Hispano		Subsidiary	Europe
Jaguar		Subsidiary	Global
Land Rover		Subsidiary	Global
Tata		Division	India, Ghana, Italy, Nepal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Nigeria, Australia
Tata Daewoo		Subsidiary	South Korea, Pakistan
18. Geely Automobile ( China)
Englon		Division	China
Emgrand		Division	China, United Kingdom, Turkey
Gleagle		Division	China
Geely		Division	China, Taiwan, Russia, North Africa, Middle East, South America, South Africa, Australia, Turkey
Maple		Division	China
Volvo (Cars)		Subsidiary	Global
19. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( China)
BAW		Division	China
Foton		Subsidiary	China, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, South America, India
20. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
Chana		Division	China, Taiwan, South Africa, Europe
Hafei		Subsidiary	China
Changhe		Division	China, Venezuela
Tiger Truck		Subsidiary	United States, Canada
21. SAIPA ( Iran)
Pars Khodro		Subsidiary	Iran
SAIPA		Division	Iran, Syria
SAIPA Diesel		Subsidiary	Iran
Zamyad		Subsidiary	Iran
22. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
Chery		Division	China, South East Asia, Russia, South Africa, South America, Australia
Qoros		Joint-Venture	China, Europe, Israel
Riich		Division	China
Rely		Division	China
23. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada		Division	Europe (except United Kingdom, Portugal and Malta), Central Asia
VIS		Division	Russia
24. First Automotive Group Corporation ( China)
Besturn		Division	China
Freewind		Subsidiary	China
Haima		Subsidiary	China
Hongqi		Division	China
Jiaxing		Subsidiary	China
Jie Fang		Joint venture	China
Vita		Subsidiary	China
Xiali		Subsidiary	China
25. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan)
Subaru		Division	Global, except Mexico and Korea
26. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( China)
Great Wall		Division	China, Taiwan, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia, Europe, Middle East
27. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan)
Isuzu		Division	Global, except Brazil and Korea
28. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
JAC		Division	China, Africa, Brazil
29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( China)
Brilliance		Division	China, North Africa
Jinbei		Subsidiary	China
30. SAIC Motor ( China)
Baojun		Joint venture	China
Maxus		Division	China, Australia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Chile, Malaysia
MG Motor		Subsidiary	China, United Kingdom, South America, Australia
Roewe		Division	China, Belarus
Soyat		Division	China
Yuejin		Division	China
Wuling		Joint venture	China
31. BYD Auto ( China)
BYD		Division	China, Taiwan, Russia, United States, Canada
Denza		Joint venture	China
32. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India)
Mahindra		Division	India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia
REVA		Division	India
SsangYong		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Japan
33. AB Volvo ( Sweden)
Mack		Subsidiary	United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Australia
NovaBus		Subsidiary	North America
Prevost		Subsidiary	North America
Renault Trucks		Subsidiary	Global, except Japan, United States and Canada
UD Trucks		Subsidiary	Global
Volvo Trucks		Subsidiary	Global
35. Iran Khodro Company ( Iran)
Iran Khodoro		Division	Middle East,Northern Africa, Russia, Belarus, Central Asia, China, Venezuela
IKCO Diesel		Division	Middle East, Northern and Western Africa
36. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( China)
Lifan		Division	China, Taiwan, Russia, Middle East, South America
37. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia)
Lotus		Subsidiary	Global
Proton		Division	Southeast Asia, China, Australia, United Kingdom, Middle East
38. Jiangling Motors ( China)
Jiangling		Division	China, Europe
39. Fujian Motors Group ( China)
Soueast		Joint-Venture	China
King Long		Joint-Venture	China, South East Asia, India, North America, Europe, Middle East, Australia, New Zealand
Xiamen Golden Dragon		Joint-Venture	China, South East Asia, Middle East, Africa, South America
Higer Bus		Joint-Venture	China,South Asia, Middle East, Africa, Russia, Eastern Europe, United States, Canada, Central America, South America
40. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan)
Kuozui		Subsidiary	Taiwan
42. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group ( China)
Sinotruck		Division	China
43. Hunan Jiangnan Automobile ( China)
Jiangnan		Division	China
44. Paccar Inc. ( United States)
DAF Trucks		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Japan
Kenworth		Division	North America, Australia
Leyland Trucks		Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Japan
Peterbilt		Division	North America
45. GAZ ( Russia)
GAZ		Division	Russia, Europe, Central Asia
LiAZ		Subsidiary	Russia
Ural Trucks		Division	Russia
46. Shaanxi Automobile Group ( China)
Shaanxi		Division	China
47. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. ( China)
Qingling		Division	China
48. Ashok Leyland ( India)
Ashok Leyland		Division	South Asia, Middle East, East Africa
49. Navistar International Corporation ( United States)
eStar		Division	United States, Canada
IC		Subsidiary	United States, Canada
International		Division	North America, South America, Russia, Middle East, Egypt, South Africa
??. CNH Industrial N.V. ( the Netherlands)
Defence Vehicles		Subsidiary	Europe
Heuliez Bus		Subsidiary	Europe
Iveco		Subsidiary	Global
Iveco Astra		Subsidiary	Europe
Iveco Bus		Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Magirus		Subsidiary	Global, except North America
??. Oshkosh Corporation ( United States)
Oshkosh		Division	USA, Canada, China
??. Yulon Motor ( Taiwan)
Luxgen		Division	Taiwan, China, Oman
Tobe		Division	Taiwan
??. Shandong Kaima ( China)
Kaima		Division	China
Jubao		Division	China
Aofeng		Division	China
??. Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group Co Ltd ( China)
Changfeng		Subsidiary	China, Russia, Middle East, Africa
Everus		Joint venture	China
Gonow		Subsidiary	China
Trumpchi		Division	China
??. Micro (cars) ( Sri Lanka)
Micro (cars)		Division	Sri Lanka
??. Rongcheng Hawtai Automobile ( China)
Hawtai		Division	China
??. Caterpillar Inc. ( United States)
CAT		Division	United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand

Note

1. „automotive industry”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Arhivat din original la 20 aprilie 2014. Accesat în 12 februarie 2014.
2. "U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles" Popular Science Monthly, November 1929, p. 84.
3. „Production Statistics”. OICA. Accesat în 9 septembrie 2011.
4. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf
5. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/
6. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/
7. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/
8. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/
9. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/
10. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/
11. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/
12. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/
13. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/
14. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/
15. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2009-statistics
16. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2010-statistics/
17. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2011-statistics/
18. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/
19. „World Motor Vehicle Production, Year 2012” (PDF). OICA. Accesat în 2 noiembrie 2013.
20. „Definitions” (PDF). OICA.
21. „World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2010” (PDF). OICA. Accesat în 12 august 2011.

Legături externe

Commons

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Wikţionar

Caută „Industria automobilistică” în Wikționar, dicționarul liber.

• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
• All vehicle manufacturers in the world (in Dutch with English etc. translation)
• Car makes of the world, 1894—present