David I (Gaélico escocês: Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; 1084 – 24 de maio de 1153) foi o Rei da Escócia de 1124 até sua morte. Também foi Príncipe dos Cúmbrios entre 1113 e 1124 e também Conde de Northampton e Huntington.[1][2] Era o filho mais velho do rei Malcolm III e de Margarida da Escócia.[3] David passou os primeiros anos de sua vida na Escócia, porém foi forçado a ir para o exílio em 1093 por seu tio Donaldo III.[4] Ele tornou-se parte da corte do rei Henrique I de Inglaterra por volta de 1100, onde foi influenciado pela cultura normanda e anglo-francesa.[5][6]
Factos rápidos Rei dos Escoceses, Rei da Escócia ...
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Quando seu irmão Alexandre I morreu em 1124, David escolheu, com o apoio de Henrique, tomar o Reino da Escócia para si.[7] Ele foi forçado a entrar em conflito com seu sobrinho Malcolm, filho de Alexandre.[8] Derrotá-lo demorou aparentemente dez anos, uma disputa que também acabou por destruir Óengus de Moray. A vitória de David permitiu a expansão de controle para partes mais distantes de seu reino. Depois da morte de Henrique, ele apoiou a reivindicação da filha do rei e sua sobrinha, Matilde de Inglaterra, ao trono inglês.[9] No processo, ele acabou entrando em conflito com o rei Estêvão e acabou conseguindo expandir seu poder para o norte da Inglaterra, mesmo tendo sendo derrotado na Batalha de Standard em 1138.[10]
O termo "Revolução Davidiana" é usado por muitos historiadores para resumir os eventos que ocorreram na Escócia durante seu reinado. Eles incluíram a fundação de Burghs, a implementação de ideiais da reforma gregoriana, a fundação de mosteiros, normanização do governo escocês e a introdução do feudalismo através da imigração de cavaleiros franceses e ingleses.[11][12]
Mais informação David I da EscóciaCasa de Dunkeld 1084 – 24 de maio de 1153 ...
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See Oram, David, pp. 60–2; Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp. 60–4.
For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 59–63.
Malcolm seems to have had two sons before he married Margaret, presumably by Ingibiorg Finnsdottir. Donnchad II was one, and there was another called Domnall who died in 1085, see Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1085.2, here; see also Oram, David, p. 23; and Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, p. 55; the possibility that Máel Coluim had another son, also named Máel Coluim, is open, G. W. S. Barrow, "Malcolm III (d. 1093)". E.g. John Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum, II. 209.
For David's upbringing and transformation of fortune at the Anglo-Norman court, see the partially hypothetical account in Oram, David, pp. 59–72.
William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, W. Stubbs (ed.), Rolls Series, no. 90, vol. ii, p. 476; trans. A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 157.
A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 158.
For all this, see Oram, David, pp. 93–6.
Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11; Lynch, Scotland: A New History, p. 80.
Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13.
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