COX-3 é uma recente descoberta de isoforma de ciclo-oxigenase, encontrada no cérebro, medula espinhal e coração. A estrutura química corresponde a da COX-1, exceto pelo íntron 1.[1]
Foi sugerida por Daniel L. Simmons e sua equipe e acredita-se que este tipo esteja presente no sistema nervoso central devido os efeitos do paracetamol (provável inibidor mais seletivo desta forma) e não tanto de COX-2 e COX-1 na periferia.[2]
Modula a dor e febre no SNC
SCHELLACK, Gustav. Farmacologia na prática clínica da área de saúde. São Paulo: Fundamento Educacional, 2006
- Aronoff DM, Neilson EG (2001). «Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression». Am. J. Med. 111 (4): 304–15. PMID 11566461. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00834-8.
- Botting R (2000). «Paracetamol-inhibitable COX-2». J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 51 (4 Pt 1): 609–18. PMID 11192935
- Boutaud O, Aronoff DM, Richardson JH, Marnett LJ, Oates JA (2002). «Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H(2) synthases». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (10): 7130–5. PMC 124540. PMID 12011469. doi:10.1073/pnas.102588199
- Camu F, Beecher T, Recker DP, Verburg KM (2002). «Valdecoxib, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, is an efficacious, opioid-sparing analgesic in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty». Am J Ther. 9 (1): 43–51. PMID 11782819. doi:10.1097/00045391-200201000-00009
- Cao C, Matsumura K, Yamagata K, Watanabe Y (1996). «Endothelial cells of the rat brain vasculature express cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in response to systemic interleukin-1 beta: a possible site of prostaglandin synthesis responsible for fever». Brain Res. 733 (2): 263–72. PMID 8891309. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00575-6
- Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, Evanson NK, Tomsik J, Elton TS, Simmons DL (2002). «COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (21): 13926–31. PMC 129799. PMID 12242329. doi:10.1073/pnas.162468699–13931.
- Chang DJ, Desjardins PJ, Chen E, Polis AB, McAvoy M, Mockoviak SH, Geba GP (2002). «Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of rofecoxib and enteric-coated diclofenac sodium in the treatment of postoperative dental pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial». Clin Ther. 24 (4): 490–503. PMID 12017395. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(02)85126-8
- Dougados M, Béhier JM, Jolchine I, Calin A, van der Heijde D, Olivieri I, Zeidler H, Herman H (2001). «Efficacy of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2-specific inhibitor, in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a six-week controlled study with comparison against placebo and against a conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug». Arthritis Rheum. 44 (1): 180–5. PMID 11212158. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200101)44:1<180::AID-ANR24>3.0.CO;2-K
- FitzGerald GA (2002). «Cardiovascular pharmacology of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs: clinical considerations». Am. J. Cardiol. 89 (6A): 26D–32D. PMID 11909558
- Fletcher BS, Kujubu DA, Perrin DM, Herschman HR (1992). «Structure of the mitogen-inducible TIS10 gene and demonstration that the TIS10-encoded protein is a functional prostaglandin G/H synthase». J. Biol. Chem. 267 (7): 4338–44. PMID 1339449
- Flower RJ, Vane JR (1972). «Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in brain explains the anti-pyretic activity of paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol)». Nature. 240 (5381): 410–1. PMID 4564318. doi:10.1038/240410a0
- Gordon SM, Brahim JS, Rowan J, Kent A, Dionne RA (2002). «Peripheral prostanoid levels and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesia: replicate clinical trials in a tissue injury model». Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72 (2): 175–83. PMID 12189364. doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.126501
- Grèen K, Drvota V, Vesterqvist O (1989). «Pronounced reduction of in vivo prostacyclin synthesis in humans by acetaminophen (paracetamol)». Prostaglandins. 37 (3): 311–5. PMID 2664901. doi:10.1016/0090-6980(89)90001-4
- Henry D, Lim LL, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Perez Gutthann S, Carson JL, Griffin M, Savage R, Logan R, Moride Y, Hawkey C, Hill S, Fries JT (1996). «Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis». BMJ. 312 (7046): 1563–6. PMC 2351326. PMID 8664664
- Khan KN, Paulson SK, Verburg KM, Lefkowith JB, Maziasz TJ (2002). «Pharmacology of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in the kidney». Kidney Int. 61 (4): 1210–9. PMID 11918727. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00263.x
- Kujubu DA, Fletcher BS, Varnum BC, Lim RW, Herschman HR (1991). «TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase homologue». J. Biol. Chem. 266 (20): 12866–72. PMID 1712772
- Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Pak JY, Gildehaus D, Miyashiro JM, Penning TD, Seibert K, Isakson PC, Stallings WC (1996). «Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents». Nature. 384 (6610): 644–8. PMID 8967954. doi:10.1038/384644a0
- Li S, Wang Y, Matsumura K, Ballou LR, Morham SG, Blatteis CM (1999). «The febrile response to lipopolysaccharide is blocked in cyclooxygenase-2(-/-), but not in cyclooxygenase-1(-/-) mice». Brain Res. 825 (1-2): 86–94. PMID 10216176. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01225-1
- Luong C, Miller A, Barnett J, Chow J, Ramesha C, Browner MF (1996). «Flexibility of the NSAID binding site in the structure of human cyclooxygenase-2». Nat. Struct. Biol. 3 (11): 927–33. PMID 8901870. doi:10.1038/nsb1196-927
- Mitchell JA, Akarasereenont P, Thiemermann C, Flower RJ, Vane JR (1993). «Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (24): 11693–7. PMC 48050. PMID 8265610. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11693
- Mitchell JA, Warner TD (1999). «Cyclo-oxygenase-2: pharmacology, physiology, biochemistry and relevance to NSAID therapy». Br. J. Pharmacol. 128 (6): 1121–32. PMC 1571744. PMID 10578123. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702897
- O'Banion MK, Winn VD, Young DA (1992). «cDNA cloning and functional activity of a glucocorticoid-regulated inflammatory cyclooxygenase». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (11): 4888–92. PMC 49193. PMID 1594589. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.11.4888
- Patrono C (2001). «Aspirin: new cardiovascular uses for an old drug». Am. J. Med. 110 (1A): 62S–65S. PMID 11166001. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00645-8
- Prescott LF (2000). «Paracetamol: past, present, and future». Am J Ther. 7 (2): 143–7. PMID 11319582
- Riendeau D, Percival MD, Boyce S, Brideau C, Charleson S, Cromlish W, Ethier D, Evans J, Falgueyret JP, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Gordon R, Greig G, Gresser M, Guay J, Kargman S, Léger S, Mancini JA, O'Neill G, Ouellet M, Rodger IW, Thérien M, Wang Z, Webb JK, Wong E, Chan CC (1997). «Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a tetrasubstituted furanone as a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor». Br. J. Pharmacol. 121 (1): 105–17. PMC 1564640. PMID 9146894. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701076
- Riendeau D, Percival MD, Brideau C, Charleson S, Dubé D, Ethier D, Falgueyret JP, Friesen RW, Gordon R, Greig G, Guay J, Mancini J, Ouellet M, Wong E, Xu L, Boyce S, Visco D, Girard Y, Prasit P, Zamboni R, Rodger IW, Gresser M, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Young RN, Chan CC (2001). «Etoricoxib (MK-0663): preclinical profile and comparison with other agents that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2». J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 296 (2): 558–66. PMID 11160644
- Samad TA, Moore KA, Sapirstein A, Billet S, Allchorne A, Poole S, Bonventre JV, Woolf CJ (2001). «Interleukin-1beta-mediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity». Nature. 410 (6827): 471–5. PMID 11260714. doi:10.1038/35068566
- Samuelsson B (1983). «From studies of biochemical mechanism to novel biological mediators: prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1982». Biosci. Rep. 3 (9): 791–813. PMID 6315101. doi:10.1007/BF01133779
- Simmons DL, Botting RM, Robertson PM, Madsen ML, Vane JR (1999). «Induction of an acetaminophen-sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (6): 3275–80. PMC 15932. PMID 10077674. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3275
- Svensson CI, Yaksh TL (2002). «The spinal phospholipase-cyclooxygenase-prostanoid cascade in nociceptive processing». Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 42: 553–83. PMID 11807183. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.42.092401.143905
- Tanaka A, Araki H, Hase S, Komoike Y, Takeuchi K (2002). «Up-regulation of COX-2 by inhibition of COX-1 in the rat: a key to NSAID-induced gastric injury». Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 Suppl 2: 90–101. PMID 11966529
- Turini ME, DuBois RN (2002). «Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target». Annu. Rev. Med. 53: 35–57. PMID 11818462. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103952
- Vane JR (2000). «The fight against rheumatism: from willow bark to COX-1 sparing drugs». J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 51 (4 Pt 1): 573–86. PMID 11192932
- Vane JR (1971). «Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs». Nature New Biol. 231 (25): 232–5. PMID 5284360
- Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I, Bukasa A, Mitchell JA, Vane JR (1999). «Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7563–8. PMC 22126. PMID 10377455. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7563
- Wolfe MM, Lichtenstein DR, Singh G (1999). «Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs». N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (24): 1888–99. PMID 10369853. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906173402407
- Xie WL, Chipman JG, Robertson DL, Erikson RL, Simmons DL (1991). «Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (7): 2692–6. PMC 51304. PMID 1849272. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.7.2692