Usuário:Gato Preto/Testes/2

Este página é sobre Hong Kong as a special administrative region of China. Para outros usos, ver Gato Preto/Testes/2 (desambiguação).

 Nota: "HK" redireciona para esta página. Para outros significados, veja HK (desambiguação).

Predefinição:Pp-move-indef Predefinição:Pp-semi-indef Predefinição:Use dmy dates Predefinição:EngvarB

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
Anthem: "March of the Volunteers"[1]
City flower Bauhinia blakeana (洋紫荊)
Location of Hong Kong Location of Hong Kong
Official language(s)		Chinesea English [2][3]
Official scripts[4]		Traditional Chinese English alphabet
Ethnic groups		93.6% Chinese 6.4% others [note 1] [6]
Demonym		Hong Konger Hong Kongese chinês: 香港人
Sovereign state		China
Government		Multi-party system
-	Chief Executive	Carrie Lam
-	Chief Secretary	Matthew Cheung
Legislature		Legislative Council
History
-	British possession	26 January 1841
-	Treaty of Nanking	29 August 1842
-	Convention of Peking	18 October 1860
-	Second Convention of Peking	1 July 1898
-	Japanese occupation	25 December 1941 to 15 August 1945
-	Transfer of sovereignty from United Kingdom	1 July 1997
Area
-	Total	2,755 km2 (167th) 1,064 sq mi
-	Water (%)	59.8 (1,649 km2; 637 sq mi)[7]
Population
-	2016 estimate	7,374,900[8] (100th)
-	Density	6,544[6]/km2 (4th) 17,024/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2016 estimate
-	Total	$429.652 billion[9] (44th)
-	Per capita	$58,322[9] (11th)
GDP (nominal)		2016 estimate
-	Total	$320.668 billion[9] (33th)
-	Per capita	$43,528[9] (16th)
Gini (2016)		53.9
HDI (2014)		0.910 (12th)
Currency		Hong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)
Time zone		Hong Kong Time (UTC+8)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+8)
Date formats		dd-mm-yyyy yyyy年mm月dd日
Drives on the		left
Internet TLD		.hk .香港
Calling code		+852

Predefinição:Infobox Chinese

Predefinição:Contains Chinese text

Macau, oficialmente a Região Administrativa Especial da República Popular da China de Macau, é um território autónomo na costa meridional da China, mais específicamente no parte occidental do estuário do Rio das Pérolas . Tem uma área de 1,104 km² e linda com a cidade de Zhuhai na China continental e com o estuário do Rio das Pérolas a leste e sul. Com uma população de 650.900 morando num território de 30,5 km², é a região mais densamente habitada do mundo. Antiga colónia portuguesa foi cedida à República Popular da China a 20 de Dezembro de 1999.

Macau foi uma colónia portuguesa até 1999, quando foi cedida à República Popular da China, isto significou o fim do Império Português mas também o desaparecimento da última colónia na Ásia. Macau foi administrado por Potugal desde a metade do século XVI até 1999.

Os comerciantes portugueses assentaram-se em Macau na década de 1550. Em 1557, Macau tornou-se em entreposto comercial português, depois de um tratado com a Dinastia Ming. O Império Português administrou a cidade sob autoridade e soberania chinesas até 1887, quando Macau, por um tratado entre a China e Portugal, tornou-se numa colónia portuguesa. A soberania portuguesa sobre Macau foi transferida à China a 20 de Dezembro de 1999, findando com 442 anos de domínio luso. Depois da transferência de soberania, Macau começou a ser parte da República Popular da China, com um alto grau de autonomia sob o princípio de Um país, dous sistemas estabelecido por Deng Xiaoping, desta forma começou a ser uma Região Administrativa Especial tal como Hong Kong.

O futuro de Macau foi acordado entre os dous países por meio da Declaração Conjunta Sino-Portuguesa sobre a Questão de Macau realizada em 1987. Nela, estabelecia-se que Macau ia manter um sistema político e financeiro diferente do practicado na China continental, somente dependendo dela para assuntos militares e de negócios estrangeiros. Esta situação manter-se-ia, pelo menos, até 2049, cinquenta anos depois da transferência. Macau participa em organizações internaciones e em eventos que não obrigam os seus membros a ter soberania nacional.

Macau é uma cidade conhecida pelos seus casinos e hotéis de luxo. As maquias procedentes do jogo são as maiores do mundo desde 2006, com a economia sendo muito dependente no jogo e no turismmo. De acordo com o The World Factbook, Macau tem a quarta maior esperança de vida do mundo. Além disso, tem um Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano "muito alto", estando em 2014 no lugar dezoito. Macau é uma das regiões com mais riqueza do mundo e o seu PIB em paridade de poder de compra (PPC) per capita é o mais elevado do mundo, segundo o Banco Mundial.

É geralmente tida como a capital do ludo mundialmente, mesmo em comparação com outras cidades líder nesse terreno.

Etymologia

O nome actual em chinês de Macau (chinês: 澳門; pinyin: Àomén; cantonês Yale: Oumún) significa "Portões da calheta". Macau é conhecida também em chinês como Haojing (濠鏡, literalmente "Espelho da ostra") ou Jinghai (鏡海, literalmente "Espelho do mar"). Pensa-se que o nome Macau provém do templo de A-Ma (chinês: 媽閣廟; pinyin: Māgé Miào; Cantonese Yale: Māgok Miuh), um templo construído em 1448 dedicado a Mazu, a deusa dos pescadores e marujos. Diz-se que aquando da chegada dos nautos portugueses à costa numa zona ao pé do templo perguntaram pelo nome do lugar e foi-lhes dito "媽閣" (pinyin: Māgé; cantonês Yale: Māgok). Dessa maneira os portugueses baptizaram-na "Macau".

História

Predefinição:Main article

Pré-história

Investigações arqueológicas indicam a presença de humanos na área de Chek Lap Kok, do outro lado do Rio das Pérolas (hodiernamente o Aeroporto Internacional de Honguecongue) pelo menos há 39.000 anos e na península de Sai Kung há 6.000 anos.^[10][11][12]

Imperial China

Predefinição:Main article In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.^[13][14][15]

After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.^[16] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.^[17]

From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.^[18] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.^[19] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.^[20] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.

From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.

European discovery

The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.^[21][22] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.

Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.^[23] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.^[24][25]

Portuguese Macau

Em 1557, os portugueses estabeleceram um entreposto comercial permanente em Macau, arrendando-o por quinhentos taéis (equivalente a 18,9 quilogramos) de prata.^[26] Os portugueses continuaram a pagar um tributo anual até 1863 para permanecer em Macau.^[27]

Portuguese coin (minted 1996) commemorating the arrival of the Portuguese in China in 1513

Em 1564 Portugal comandava já o comércio occidental com a Índia, o Japão e a China. Em 1631 os chineses restringiram o comércio português no Império ao porto de Macau.^[28]

Durante o século XVII, cerca de cinco mil escravos viviam em Macau, numa população total de vinte e dous mil pessoas, dois mil portuguesas e vinte mil chinesas.^[29][30][31]

Quanto mais portugueses foram viver a Macau para desenvolver relações mercantis, pediram uma maior autonomia administrativa, facto que não seria outorgado até a década de 1840.^[32] Em 1576, o Papa Gregório XIII estabeleceu a Diócese Católica Romana de Macau.^[33] Em 1583, as autoridades chinesas permitiram a formação dum senado para gerir vários assuntos sociais e económicos da comunidade portuguesa, sempre sob estrita supervisação chinesa,^[34] mas não houve nenhuma transferência de soberania.^[35]

Macau prosperou como entreposto comercial e foi por isso alvo de várias tentativas de conquista,^[36] em especial, dos holandeses no século XVII que entretanto fracassaram. A 24 de Junho de 1622, os holandeses atacaram Macau, no que se chamaria Batalha de Macau, com o objetivo de torná-la numa colónia holandesa. Os portugueses repeliram o ataque e o holandeses nunca voltariam tentar conquistar Macau outra vez. A maioria dos defensores eram escravos afrcanos, com somente alguns soldades e padres portugueses. O capitão Kornelis Reyerszoon era o comandante da armada holandesa composta por oitocentos homens.^{[37][38][39][40]}

Macau, c. 1870

O governador holandês Jan Pieterszoon Coen disse depois da derrota que "Os escravos dos portuguese em Macau, serviram-nos tão bem e com tante lealdade, que tinha sido eles [os escravos] que o tinham derrotado e expulsado a nossa gente de lá no ano passado" e que "A nossa gente viu poucos portugueses" durante a batalha.^{[41][42][43][44]}

Depois da Primeira Guerra do Ópio (1839-42), Portugal ocupou as ilhas ermas de Taipa e Coloane em 1851 e 1864 respectivamente. A 1 de Dezembro de 1887, os governos Qing e português assinaram o Tratado Sino-Português de Pequim, pelo o qual a China concedeu "a ocupação e governo perpétuos de Macau por Portugal" de acordo com os pontos do Protocolo de Lisboa. Em troca, o Governo de Macau cooperaria com Honguecongue no contrabado de ópio proveninete da Índia e que a China beneficiar-se-ia dos impostos sobre essa mercancia. Portugal também foi obrigado a "nunca alienar Macau sem um acordo prévio com a China", desta maneira assegurava que a negociação entre Portugal e a França (acerca duma possível troca de Macau e da Guiné portuguesa pelo Congo francês) ou com outros países não iria avante - de forma a manter os interesses comerciais britânicos estariam resguardados; Macau tornara-se então, oficialmente, um território sob administração portuguesa.^[35]

Following the First Opium War (1839–42), Portugal occupied the empty islands of Taipa and Coloane in 1851 and 1864 respectively. On 1 December 1887, the Qing and Portuguese governments signed the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking, under which China ceded the right of "perpetual occupation and government of Macau by Portugal" in compliance with the statements of the Protocol of Lisbon. In return, Macau Government would cooperate with Hong Kong's smuggling trade in Indian opium and China would profit from imposing customs taxes. Portugal was also obliged "never to alienate Macau without previous agreement with China", therefore ensuring that negotiation between Portugal and France (regarding a possible exchange of Macau and Portuguese Guinea with the French Congo) or with other countries would not go forward – so that the British commercial interests would be secured; Macau officially became a territory under Portuguese administration.

The "O Porto Interior" in Macau, c. 1900

In 1928, after the Qing dynasty had been overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution, the Kuomintang (KMT) government officially notified Portugal that it would abrogate the Treaty of Amity and Commerce;^[45] the two powers signed a new Sino-Portuguese Friendship and Trade Treaty in place of the abrogated treaty. Changing only a few provisions concerning tariff principles and matters relating to business affairs, the new treaty did not alter the sovereignty of Macau and Portuguese government of Macau remained unchanged.^[46]

During World War II, unlike Portuguese Timor, which was occupied by the Japanese in 1942 along with Dutch Timor, the Japanese respected Portuguese neutrality in Macau, but only up to a point. Macau enjoyed a brief period of economic prosperity as the only neutral port in South China after the Japanese had occupied Guangzhou and Hong Kong. In August 1943, Japanese troops seized the British steamer Sian in Macau and killed about 20 guards. The next month they demanded the installation of Japanese "advisors" under the threat of overt military occupation. The result was that a virtual Japanese protectorate was created over Macau.^[47]

When it was discovered that "neutral" Macau was planning to sell aviation fuel to Japan, aircraft from the USS Enterprise bombed and strafed the hangar of the Naval Aviation Centre on 16 January 1945 to destroy the fuel. American air raids on targets in Macau were also made on 25 February and 11 June 1945. Following Portuguese government protests, in 1950 the United States paid US$20,255,952 to the government of Portugal.^[47]

Between the end of the Pacific War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Macau served as a safe haven for refugees of the Chinese Civil War.^[48]

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Beijing government declared the Sino-Portuguese Treaty invalid as an "unequal treaty" imposed by foreigners on China. However, Beijing was not ready to settle the treaty question, allowing the maintenance of "the status quo" until a more appropriate time.^[49]

Influenced by the Cultural Revolution in mainland China and by general dissatisfaction with Portuguese government, riots broke out in Macau in 1966. In the most serious, the so-called 12-3 incident, 6 people were killed and more than 200 people were injured.^[50] On 28 January 1967, the Portuguese government issued a formal apology by means of an "admission of guilt".^[51]

Shortly after Portugal's 1974 Carnation Revolution, which overthrew the Estado Novo dictatorship, the new government determined it would relinquish all its overseas possessions. In 1976, Lisbon redefined Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration" and granted it a large measure of administrative, financial, and economic autonomy. Three years later, Portugal and China agreed to regard Macau as "a Chinese territory under [temporary] Portuguese administration".^[52] The Chinese and Portuguese governments commenced negotiations on the question of Macau in June 1986. The two signed the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration the next year, making Macau one of the special administrative regions of China.^[53]

British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London

Predefinição:Main article In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.^[54] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.^[55]

The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.^[56][57]

Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.

In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.^[58][59][60]

Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.

Hong Kong filmed in 1937

In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).

Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's oldest higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained peaceful. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.^[61]

In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.

Japanese occupation: 1941–45

Predefinição:Main article

The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.^[62]

As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.^[63] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".^[64]

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 30 August 1945.^[65]

Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

Predefinição:Main article

Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997

Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.^[58] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.^[58] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.

Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.^[66] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.

Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.

An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986

To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.^[67]

In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.^[68]

The Hong Kong question

In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.

The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.

^[58] It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.^[58] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.

Handover and Special Administrative Region status

Predefinição:Main article

Transfer of sovereignty

Golden Bauhinia Square

On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.

Tung Chee-Hwa: 1997–2003

Soon after Hong Kong's transfer to China, the territory has suffered coincidentally an economic double-blow: Asian Financial Crisis and the H5N1 avian flu pandemic. The then-Financial Secretary, Sir Donald Tsang, adopted a radical measure to make use of British Hong Kong foreign currency reserves and restored Hong Kong's financial stability. In December 1997, officials had to destroy 1.4 million livestock in order to contain the H5 virus from spreading.^[58]

Despite a recovering economy from the Asian Financial Crisis, mismanagement of Tung's housing policy triggered a housing market crisis in 1998, disrupting market supply and sent properties prices tumbling until 2002. This caused many homeowners to become bankrupt due to negative equity.

In 1998, Hong Kong moved its international airport from Kai Tak to an artificially-reclaimed island north of Lantau Island. Construction of this new airport began under the British Rose Garden Project and was completed in May 1998.

Chris Patten's democratic reform of the Legislative Council Election in 1994 was abruptly terminated when Hong Kong transferred to China in 1997. In 1995, China set up a parallel "Provisional Council" of pro-Beijing members in Shenzhen. This Provisional Legislative Council, lacking legislative or constitutional power, moved into Hong Kong and completed its term in 1999. The Legislative Council resumed its full function after the 1999 election under pre-reformed rules; one of the prominent tasks was to complete legislation of articles in the Hong Kong Basic Law, constitutional document of the territory.

Despite the unopposed re-election of Tung in July 2002, distrust of China remained throughout Tung's first term as Chief Executive. In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).^[69][70] The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong.^[71] Economic activities slowed down and schools were closed for weeks at the height of SARS epidemic. An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.^[72]

In May 2003, the government's attempt to legislate Article 23 (National Security) of the Basic Law aroused strong suspicion among Hong Kong citizens. This Article would grant Hong Kong's police force right of access to private property on grounds of 'safeguarding national security', but without court warrants. Coupled with years of economic hardships and discontent of Tung's pro-Beijing stance, a mass demonstration broke out on 1 July 2003. This demonstration hastened the resignations of two government ministers and, eventually, that of Tung on 10 March 2005.^[73]

Sir Donald Tsang: 2005–2012

Sir Donald Tsang, then-Chief Secretary for Administration and ex-official of the British Hong Kong government, entered the 2005 election uncontested and was appointed by Beijing as the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005. In 2006, Tsang introduced food safety procedures to Hong Kong in light of loose vetting standards, contamination and counterfeit food issues of mainland China.

Tsang went on to win a second term in office following the 2007 Chief Executive election under managed voting.^[74] As a result of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, Tsang's government rolled out a package of financial stimulus of HK$11 billion and a depositor guarantee scheme to safeguard Hong Kong dollar savings in bank accounts. Hong Kong narrowed avoided a technical recession from the ongoing crisis.

In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the 5th East Asian Games and nine national teams competed in it. The Games were the first and largest international multi-sport event ever organised and hosted by the city.^[75] Major infrastructure and tourist projects also began under Sir Tsang's second term, including the Ngong Ping Cable Car, Tian Tan Buddha and the West Kowloon Cultural District. The most controversial, however, was the high-speed railway link connecting Hong Kong and neighbouring cities of mainland China; as of 2016, the project has suffered numerous delays, surging labour and material costs and dispute over immigration procedures.

"Hong Kong" branded as "Asia's World City".

Overlook Hong Kong Island north coast, Victoria Harbour and Central & East Kowloon from middle section of Lugard Road at daytime.

During Tsang's second term, he initiated modest reforms in areas of education, environment and food safety. He concluded his term, however, when a local news media uncovered evidence of him receiving favours and hospitality from business tycoons on various occasions. This resulted in further discovery of bribery in Tsang's government; then-Chief Secretary of Administration, Rafael Hui, was convicted of corruption in 2014.

Leung Chun-ying: 2012–2017

Predefinição:Main article

3 candidates stood for the 2012 Chief Executive Election, including one from the Democratic Party. A selected electorate of 1,200 pro-Beijing members constituted the election committee; Leung Chun-ying won 689 votes and was appointed Chief Executive on 1 July by China.

During Leung's term, the government completed legislation of Anti-trust and Competition Ordinance and introduced minimum wage in 2015. Political debates, however, have centred themselves predominately on universal suffrage and education reform. The government's proposed National Education curriculum in 2014 attracted polarising reactions across Hong Kong's public and a draft bill was eventually withdrawn. Reactions from China, including the 2014 White Paper on Hong Kong,^[76] attracted worldwide allegations of Beijing's intervention into Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy.^[77] The most contentious issue was China's outright disregard of its commitment to the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration in written text. This has fuelled up a number of mass protests and the most prominent one was the Occupy Central (later termed "Umbrella") movement in September to December 2014.^[78]

Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, along with neutrality of press and media, judicial independence and freedom of speech and publication, have at times been scrutinised. With continued distrust of Chinese government, notable events such as violent attack on journalists, increasing level of press self-censorship, alleged extraterritorial abduction of anti-China publishers^[79] and covert intervention into Hong Kong's educational, political and independent institutions have posed challenges to the "One Country, Two Systems" arrangement. In the 2016 Legislative Council Election, there were reports of discrepancies in the electorate registry, which contains ghost registrations across constituencies, as well as political intervention to strip pro-Independence individuals of their right to stand in elections^[80] and alleged death threats to election candidates.^[81]

Social tension has heightened during Leung's term, with many Hongkongers believing that China increased their efforts to exert influence on everyday life in Hong Kong. The territory currently delegates control of Chinese immigrants, as well as issue of visitor permits, to Chinese authorities. On the first day of Chinese New Year 2016, riots targeting the police force broke out.^[82] The most recent survey in 2016 (with a sample base of 573) in Hong Kong shows that 17.8% respondents considered themselves as "Chinese citizens", whereas 41.9% considered themselves purely as "citizens of Hong Kong".^[83]

Governance

Predefinição:Main article

Carrie Lam Chief Executive	Matthew Cheung Chief Secretary

Structure of government

Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.^{[note 2]} This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. ^{[note 3]} Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).^[84][85]

Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.

Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.^[86][87]

The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.^[88][89]

In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.

Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.^[90][91]

Electoral and political reforms

Opened in 1912, this granite neo-classical building in Central used to house the Supreme Court. It became the home to Legislative Council of Hong Kong (dubbed "Legco") from 1985 to 2011, spanning across the British and the Chinese rule. However, as the Legco has moved to a new complex in 2011, the building will revert to a judicial function, housing the Court of Final Appeal from 2015 onwards.

Hong Kong's Basic Law, implemented in the territory on 1 July 1997, consists of outstanding articles which require bill adoption by the Legislative Council before becoming effective laws. Two of the most prominent articles include Article 23 ("National Security") and universal suffrage of Chief Executive elections. In 2002, the government's motion of an anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23, was met with fierce opposition and eventually dropped.^[92][93] Reform bills on universal suffrage, however, have made partial progress in expanding the Chief Executive election's committee (from 600 to 800 in 2007 and to 1,200 selected members in 2012) and the Legislative Council (from 60 to 70 seats). These additional 10 seats are created through directly elected members of District Offices.^[94]

Continual debate between pro-Beijing and pan-democratic factions characterises Hong Kong's contemporary political landscape across the transition from the British Empire to China. Aside from clashes over a range of social, welfare, labour and economic policies, the most contentious topic has been universal suffrage. Ideological differences over the pace of democratisation have shadowed over the 2004 Bill of Political Reform "District Council Model (District Office)", 2009 Bill of Political Reform (passed 46–12) "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012" ^[95][96] and the 2015 Bill of Political Reform (blocked 8–27).^[97]

Legal system and judiciary

Predefinição:Main article

Themis or Lady Justice, armed with sword and balance scales (Court of Final Appeal Building, Central, Hong Kong). She is the personification of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness.

Hong Kong's current legal system, independent of the legal system of mainland China and Chinese civil law, inherits from British Common Law established before 1997. The guiding principle is an independent judicial system in which the Rule of Law, as opposed to Rule by Law, safeguards judicial courts from government intervention.^[98]

The essence of British Common Law is the juror system: court judges (equivalent to British JPs) make case verdicts with the assistance of a group of eligible, court-appointed jurors who are members of the public. One feature of the Common Law system is the basis of legal precedent (stare decisis) in which judges refer to empirical evidence from previous cases of a similar category prior to handing out a final verdict. According to Article 92 of Hong Kong's Basic Law, judicial courts may refer to decisions which are rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents^[99][100] (England, Canada and Australia). Judges from these jurisdictions are permitted to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.^[99][100]

Hong Kong's court system comprises the Court of Final Appeal (formerly HM Court of Final Appeal in the United Kingdom), the High Court (constitutes the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance) and the District Court (includes the Family Court).^[101] Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.^[101] Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.^[99][102] The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to Hong Kong's Basic Law, as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws such as the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic Law.^[103][104]

The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform and international legal co-operation between different jurisdictions.^[98] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.^[98] As protector of public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.^[105] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.^[106][107]

Foreign relations

Predefinição:Main article

Olympic Square, Hong Kong

Hong Kong's Basic Law (Article 151) delegates all diplomatic affairs to China's Foreign Ministry, but the territory retains exclusive rights in fostering external relations in international organisations, co-operation bodies and sports and cultural events. Under the alias "Hong Kong, China", Hong Kong maintains active partnerships with foreign nations in the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). Overseas Representatives of Hong Kong cover the fields of economy, trade, monetary finance, shipping, communications, tourism, culture and sports.^[108]

Under the special condition of Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, the territory is able to maintain an independent customs area and separate immigration policy from those of China. This separate exercise of customs and immigration, subject to conditional reviews, is recognised by foreign nations through their legislature, such as the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act. Hong Kong maintains an international border with mainland China across 5 border control stations by land, 3 entry and exit points by sea and the International Airport. Applications for entry permits are, however, handled by Chinese Embassies for Hong Kong.

Foreign representation in Hong Kong includes 59 Consulates-General, 62 Consulates/Embassies and 5 officially recognised international bodies, such as the Office of the European Union. A number of Consulate-Generals in Hong Kong, such as the United States and United Kingdom, operate independently of their embassies in Beijing, extend their areas of jurisdiction beyond Hong Kong to include Macau, and report directly to their respective foreign offices.^{[109][110][111]}

Human rights

Predefinição:Main article The Hong Kong government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, and members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the District Council of Hong Kong are elected into office by Hong Kong citizens. However, there are 27 ex officio members of the district council (the Rural Committee Chairmen in the New Territories) as of the fifth District Council Assembly, and roughly half of the legislative council seats are elected by 3% of the people in Hong Kong through the functional constituency. The imbalance of voting power in the LegCo has led to widespread criticism of its inability to represent Hongkongers' socio-economic needs.^[112] In addition, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong is elected by 1,200 members based on their contributions to four different sectors of Hong Kong's society. This policy has received criticism from various political figures in Hong Kong, and led to the Umbrella Revolution. Plans to expand the voting population had begun to appear in the 2000s, and political figures liaised with the government to provide universal suffrage.

There are restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of assembly.^[113][114] 200,000 migrant workers cannot make complaints against their employers since they face deportation if dismissed from their jobs. A 2008 law against racial discrimination does not cover mainlanders, immigrants or migrant workers.^[115] The police have been accused of using heavy-handed tactics toward protesters in public rallies,^[116] and there is controversy regarding the extensive powers of the police.^[117] Covert surveillance is another major concern.^[118]

Hong Kong has a higher age-of-consent and harsher punishments for illegal homosexual acts.^[119]

Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations from those of mainland China.^[120] In November 2015, the newly established Innovation and Technology Bureau pushed for the legislation of the Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014, more popularly known as the Internet Article 23, which would severely limit the legality of derivative works^[121] and other activities previously permitted on the Internet.^[122] Supporters of the bill point to the fact that Hong Kong is lagging behind in the protection of intellectual property rights, but detractors state that creative work on the Internet should be exempt from legislation, and the ordinance would severely violate human rights.

Regions and districts

Predefinição:Main article

Hong Kong comprises three geographical regions, which coincided with its historical expansion by the British colonial government: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon (1860) and the New Territories and Outlying Islands (1898). The first established settlement was City of Victoria on Hong Kong Island. Its area coincided with modern-day Central and Western District (#15 in map).

Since the abolition of decentralised Urban and District Councils in 1999, Hong Kong is now a unitary territory subdivided into 18 districts. Each district is represented by a district council, who advises the government on various local agendas such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental policies.^[123] There are a total of 541 district council seats, 412 of which are directly elected and another 27 are ex-officio chairmen of rural committees (families of landowners in the New Territories before 1898); the remaining seats are appointed by the Chief Executive.^[123] The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.^[124]

Hong Kong Island

Kowloon

New Territories

18 Administrative Districts: 1. Islands, 2. Kwai Tsing, 3. North, 4. Sai Kung, 5. Sha Tin, 6. Tai Po, 7. Tsuen Wan, 8. Tuen Mun, 9. Yuen Long, 10. Kowloon City, 11. Kwun Tong, 12. Sham Shui Po, 13. Wong Tai Sin, 14. Yau Tsim Mong, 15. Central & Western, 16. Eastern, 17. Southern, 18. Wan Chai

Military

Predefinição:Main article

PLA Hong Kong Garrison arm badge

Since July 1997, the responsibility of maintaining the military forces in Hong Kong has been transferred from the British Armed Forces to China's PLA Hong Kong Garrison under the Liberation Army. The garrison, consisting of units from ground, naval and air forces, reports its command to the Central Military Commission.

The Basic Law of Hong Kong protects all civilians and civil affairs against any interference by the garrison. All military personnel, while stationed in Hong Kong, must remain within barrack grounds. When such personnel leave their barracks, they are subject to Hong Kong laws. The territory's police, who are civil servants, are responsible for maintaining public order; under exceptional circumstances, however, the police force may ask China for assistance from the garrison in disaster relief.^[92][125]

In January 2015, the People's Liberation Army sponsored the establishment of Hong Kong Army Cadets Association for children over 6 years old. The inauguration ceremony was held at a garrison's naval base in Hong Kong; but most media were excluded from this event except pro-Beijing press.^[126]

Geography and climate

Predefinição:Main article

Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image.

Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Sham Chun River. The territory's 2 755 km² (1 100 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1 106 km² (430 sq mi) is land and 1 649 km² (640 sq mi) is water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of Predefinição:Convert/LoffAoutDbSoffPredefinição:Convert/test/Aout. Its land area makes Hong Kong the 167th largest inhabited territory in the world.^[127] Less than 25% of Hong Kong's land area is built-up, while the majority is grassland, woodland, shrubland, and agricultural land.^[128]

Higher-altitude areas of Hong Kong are often dominated by grassland: Lantau Island during the dry season.

As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.^[129] Low altitude vegetation in Hong Kong is dominated by secondary rainforests, as the primary forest was mostly cleared during the Second World War, and higher altitudes are dominated by grasslands. Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.^[130] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metros (3 100 pé) above sea level.^[131] Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches.^[132] On 18 September 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.^[133]

Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,^[134] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.^[135] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.^[136]

Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Typhoons most often occur in summer. They sometimes result in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.^[137] Snowfall is extremely rare, and usually occurs in areas of high elevation. Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,^[138] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36,3 °C (97 °F<) on 8 August 2015 and 0,0 °C (32 °F<) on 18 January 1893, respectively.^[139][140] The highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures across all of Hong Kong, on the other hand, are 42,1 °C (108 °F<) at Waglan Island in June 1991^[141] and −6 °C (21 °F<) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016, respectively. Predefinição:Hong Kong weatherbox

Climate data for Hong Kong
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)	19.1 (66.4)	18.9 (66.0)	20.1 (68.2)	22.7 (72.9)	26.8 (80.2)	28.5 (83.3)	29.1 (84.4)	28.6 (83.5)	28.3 (82.9)	26.5 (79.7)	24.3 (75.7)	21.0 (69.8)	24.5 (76.1)
Mean daily daylight hours	11.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	12.0	12.0	11.0	11.0	12.1
Average Ultraviolet index	7	9	11	11+	11+	11+	11+	11+	11	9	7	7	9.7
Source: Weather Atlas [142]

Economy

Predefinição:Main article

The Two International Finance Centre in Central, an integrated commercial development in Central

Financial centre

As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. From the second half of the 19th century and continuing into the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong operated as a key command centre for the allocation of Asian capital in its broadest form. Hong Kong stature as an International Financial centre (IFC), gradually developed from the 1950s to become a key component of the island's economy.^[143] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.^[144] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$3.2 trillion as of December 2016.^[145] In 2009, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world^[146] and the easiest place to raise capital. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Hong Kong was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as London, New York City, Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago, Sydney, Boston, and Toronto in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia after Singapore.^[147]

The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the thirteenth most traded currency in the world Desde 2016^[update],^[148] it has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983.^[149] Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism, but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage.^[150] It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995.^{[151][152][153]} It is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.^{[154][155][156]} In 2008, the territory was named as a Nylonkong global metropolis and financial centre.^[157]

International trading

Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,^[158] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre.^[159] Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports,^[160] which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline.^[161] Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007.^[162] Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.^[163]

The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there.^[164] Agricultural activity—relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP—primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.

Tourism and expatriation

In 2014, Hong Kong was the eleventh most popular destination for international tourists among countries and territories worldwide, with a total of 27.8 million visitors contributing a total of US$38,376 million in international tourism receipts. Hong Kong is also the most popular city for tourists, nearly two times of its nearest competitor Macau.^[165]

Desde 2010^[update] Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year.^[166] Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars.^[167] Hong Kong is also ranked second in the world by the most billionaires per capita (one per 132,075 people), behind Monaco.^[168] In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.^[169] Hong Kong is also ranked No. 1 in the world in the Crony Capitalism Index by The Economist.^[170]

Policy

The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s.^[171] Since then, it has grown to become a leading centre for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.

Hong Kong financial centre matured in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended.^[172][173] Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.^[150]

Infrastructure

Predefinição:Main article

The Mass Transit Railway has more than 150 stations in its network.

CityBus Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 10.5m-A double-decker in Hong Kong heading to Stanley

Hong Kong – Kowloon Star Ferry

Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on public transport,^[174] the highest such percentage in the world.^[175] Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the MTR (Mass Transit Railway), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.^[176][177]

The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with MTR in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR).^[178] The MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations which serve 3.4 million people a day.^[179] Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.^[180]

Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes Desde 2014^[update]. The largest are Kowloon Motor Bus, providing 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories, and Citybus, operating 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.^[181]

The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates two lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.^[182] It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central route one of the most picturesque in the world.^[183] Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.^[184][185] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.^[186]

Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs.^[187] The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.^[188] In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.^[189]

Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007.^[190] It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.^[191] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.^[190][192]

Providing an adequate water supply for Hong Kong has always been difficult because the region has few natural lakes and rivers, inadequate groundwater sources (inaccessible in most cases due to the hard granite bedrock found in most areas in the territory), a high population density, and extreme seasonable variations in rainfall. Thus about 70 percent of water demand is met by importing water from the Dongjiang River in neighbouring Guangdong province. In addition, freshwater demand is curtailed by the use of seawater for toilet flushing, using a separate distribution system.^[193]

Demographics

Predefinição:Main article

St. John's Cathedral, Anglican cathedral in Hong Kong, the oldest church building in Hong Kong

The Big Buddha, on Lantau Island, Hong Kong

The Wong Tai Sin Temple

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Catholic cathedral in Hong Kong

The territory's population in mid-2015 was 7.3 million,^[194] with an average annual growth rate of 0.8% over the previous five years.^[6][195] The current population of Hong Kong comprises 91% ethnic Chinese.^{[6][196][197]} 3 million British nationals form nearly half of the territory's inhabitants.^[198] A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonese-speaking majority originated from the neighbouring Guangdong province,^[199] from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the communist rule in China.^{[200][201][202][203]}

Residents of the Mainland do not automatically receive the Right of Abode, and many may not enter the territory freely. Like other non-natives, they may apply for the Right of Abode after seven years of continuous residency. Some of the rights may also be acquired by marriage (e.g., the right to work), but these do not include the right to vote or stand for office.^[204] However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit".^[205] Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.2 years for males and 86.9 years for females Desde 2014^[update], making it the highest life expectancy in the world.^[163][206]

About 91% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent,^{[6][196][197]} the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province.^[199] The remaining 6.9% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese.^[6] There is a South Asian population of Indians and Pakistanis; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector.^{[note 4]} In 2011, 133,377 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and 132,935 from the Philippines were working in Hong Kong.^[210]

Languages

Predefinição:Main article

Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong.^[211] According to the 2016 by-census, Cantonese is spoken by 94.6% of the Hong Kong population; 88.9 percent as a first language and 5.7% as a second language.^[212] English is also an official language, and according to the 2016 by-census is spoken by 53.2% of the population; 4.3 percent as a first language and 48.9 percent as a second language.^[213] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from mainland China and greater interaction with the mainland's economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.^[214] According to the 2016 by-census, Mandarin is spoken by 48.6% of the population; 1.9 percent as a first language and 46.7 percent as a second language.^[215]

Religion

Predefinição:Main article Hong Kong is a multi-faith society. A majority of residents of Hong Kong have no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism.^[216] According to the United States Department of State 43 percent of the population practises some form of religion.^[217] According to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion.^[218][219]

In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum.^[220][221]

Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists.^[217] A Christian community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of the total population;^[222] Protestants outnumber Roman Catholics by a ratio of 4:3, and smaller Christian communities also exist, including the Latter-day Saints^[223] and Jehovah's Witnesses.^[224] The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities.^[225] The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.^[226]

Personal income

Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the largest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards".^[227][228] However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.^[229][230]

Education

Predefinição:Main article

University of Hong Kong

Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England,^[231] although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction" (chinês tradicional: 母語教學) in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese,^[232] with written Chinese and English, while some of the schools (international schools) are using English as the teaching language. In secondary schools, 'biliterate and trilingual' proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing.^[233] The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.^[234]

Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations.^[235] The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education.^[236][237] Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.^[238]

Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.^[237]

There are eight public and one private universities in Hong Kong, the oldest being the University of Hong Kong (HKU), established in 1910–1912.^[239] The Chinese University of Hong Kong was founded in 1963 to fulfill the need for a university with a medium of instruction of Chinese.^[240] Competition among students to receive an offer for an undergraduate programme is fierce as the annual number of intakes is limited, especially when some disciplines are offered by select tertiary institutions, like medicine which is provided by merely two medical schools in the territory, the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In addition to the public post-secondary institutions there are also a number of private higher institutions which offer higher diplomas and associate degree courses for those who fail to enter a college for a degree study so as to boost their qualification of education, some of whom can have a second chance of getting into a university if they have a good performance in these sub-degree courses.^[241][242]

Health

Predefinição:Main article There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.^[243] There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.^[244] The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.^[245] According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancies of any country or territory in the world.^[246] Desde 2012^[update], Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.^[247]

There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.^[248][249] Both have links with public sector hospitals.^[248][250] With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.

Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private. This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.^[251]

Culture

Ver artigo principal: Culture of Hong Kong

Ver também: Lingnan culture

Ver também: Cinema of Hong Kong

Ocean Park Hong Kong, a marine mammal park, oceanarium, animal theme park and amusement park in Hong Kong.

A statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's martial arts

Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese (mainly Cantonese) roots with Western (mainly British) influences from its time as a British colony.^[252] Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.^[253] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits,^[254] and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it,^[255] due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese.^[256] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.^[257]

Hong Kong is a recognized global centre of trade and calls itself an "entertainment hub".^[258] Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.^[258] Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.^[259]

The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.^[260][261]

Hong Kong had two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB, the former of which has now been defunct. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.^[262] The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Cantonese-speaking population. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.^[263] The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review pointed to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.^[264]

Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.^[265] There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.^[266]

Sports

Predefinição:Main article

The Hong Kong Sevens is considered the premier tournament on the IRB Sevens World Series rugby sevens competition and is held annually in Hong Kong on a weekend in late March.

Sports in Hong Kong are a significant part of its culture. Due mainly to British influence going as far back as the late 19th century, Hong Kong had an earlier introduction to Western athletics compared to other Asia regions. Football, cricket, basketball, swimming, badminton, table tennis, cycling and running have the most participants and spectators. In 2009, Hong Kong successfully organised the V East Asian Games. Other major international sporting events including the Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, AFC Asian Cup, EAFF East Asian Cup, Hong Kong Tennis Classic, Premier League Asia Trophy, and Lunar New Year Cup are also held in the territory. Desde 2010^[update], there were 32 Hong Kong athletes from seven sports ranking in world's Top 20, 29 athletes in six sports in Asia top 10 ranking. Moreover, Hong Kong athletes with disabilities are equally impressive in their performance Desde 2009^[update], having won four world championships and two Asian Championships.^[267]

Architecture

Predefinição:Main article

Ver também: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong

According to Emporis, there are 1,223 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.^[268] It has more buildings taller than 500 pés (150 m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1,3 km (0,81 mi),^[269] much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong.^[270] More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.^[271][272]

As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1 600 pé) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement.^[273] The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1 400 pé) high.^[274] Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.^[275] Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,^[276] with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.^[277][278] Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.^{[279][280][281]}

There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings,^[282] waterfront redevelopment in Central,^[283] and a series of projects in West Kowloon.^[284] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.^[285] The Urban Renewal Authority is highly active in demolishing older areas, including the razing and redevelopment of Kwun Tong town centre, an approach which has been criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city and on lower-income residents.

Cityscape

City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island and the Hong Kong Skyline

A panoramic view of the Hong Kong Island skyline at night, taken from Tsim Sha Tsui

View from the highest mountain of Kowloon overlooking Victoria Harbour and Hongkong Island

See also

• Portal de Hong Kong
• Portal da China

• Index of articles related to Hong Kong
• Youth in Hong Kong
• List of heads of Hong Kong by education

Notes

References

Citations

1. Basic Law – Anthem
2. «Hong Kong – the Facts». GovHK. Consultado em 6 January 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
3. «OFFICIAL LANGUAGES DIVISION». Civil Service Bureau. Consultado em 6 January 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
4. «Disclaimer and Copyright Notice». The Legislative Council Commission. 12 December 2015 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
5. The Committee Office, House of Commons. «House of Commons - Foreign Affairs - Fifth Report». Parliament of the United Kingdom. Consultado em 26 February 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
6. 2011 Population Census – Summary Results (PDF) (Relatório). Census and Statistics Department. February 2012. Consultado em 5 September 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
7. "Maps and Services" Survey and Mapping Office
8. «HK Population for 2016». Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong). 27 Feb 2017 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
9. «Hong Kong». International Monetary Fund. Consultado em 4 June 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
10. «.. Hong Kong Archaeological Society ..». 3 de março de 2009. Consultado em 26 de setembro de 2017
11. «港現舊石器制造場 嶺南或為我發源地--科技--人民網». scitech.people.com.cn. Consultado em 26 de setembro de 2017
12. Tang, Chung (2005). 考古與香港尋根 [Arqueologista ajuda a achar as Raízes de Honguecongue]. New Asia College. New Asia Monthly (em chinês). 32 (6): 6–8 |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)
13. «Characteristic Culture». Invest Nanhai. Consultado em 26 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)^{[ligação inativa]}
14. Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. «地理誌» [Treatise on geography]. Book of Han (em Chinese). Volume 28. [S.l.: s.n.] Consultado em 26 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
15. Peng, Quanmin (2001). 從考古材料看漢代深港社會 [Archaeological material from the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Society of Han]. Relics From South (em Chinese). Consultado em 26 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
16. Keat, Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 932. ISBN 1-57607-770-5. Consultado em 1 September 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
17. «Archaeological Background». Hong Kong Government. Hong Kong Yearbook. 21. 2005. Consultado em 27 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
18. Siu Kwok-kin. 唐代及五代時期屯門在軍事及中外交通上的重要性 [The importance of Tuen Mun during Tang and Five Dynasties period for foreign traffic and military]. Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. From Sui to Ming (em Chinese): 40–45. Consultado em 29 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 29 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
19. Sweeting, Anthony (1990). Education in Hong Kong, Pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and Opinion. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 93. ISBN 962-209-258-6
20. Barber, Nicola (2004). Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Gareth Stevens. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8368-5198-4
21. Porter, Jonathan (1996). Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. [S.l.]: Westview Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8133-2836-2
22. Edmonds, Richard L. (2002). China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-52403-2
23. Von Glahn, Richard (1996). Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700. [S.l.]: University of California Press. p. 116 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |p= (ajuda)
24. Hayes, James (1974). «The Hong Kong Region: Its Place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events Since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573» (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 14: 108–135. Consultado em 25 April 2015 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
25. «Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials» (PDF). Hong Kong Museum of History. Consultado em 30 August 2010. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 18 April 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
27. Haydn, Joseph Timothy (1885). Dictionary of dates, and universal reference. [With] (em inglês). [S.l.: s.n.]
28. The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction (em inglês). [S.l.]: J. Limbird. 1845
29. Souza, G. B. (8 de julho de 2004). The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630-1754 (em inglês). [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521531351
30. Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas (em inglês). [S.l.]: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110134179
31. Hao, Zhidong (2011). Macau History and Society (em inglês). [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789888028542
32. Historical figures of Macau, by CCTV.
33. «The entry "Catholic" in Macau Encyclopedia» (em Chinese). Macau Foundation. Consultado em 6 January 2008. Arquivado do original em 24 December 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
34. Historical figures of Macau by CCTV
36. History of the Qing (清史稿)
37. Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard M. (12 de outubro de 2006). Slavery and South Asian History (em inglês). [S.l.]: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253116716
38. Boda, Sharon La (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania (em inglês). [S.l.]: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781884964046
39. Cheng, Christina Miu Bing (1999). Macau: A Cultural Janus (em inglês). [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622094864
40. Bailey, Steven K. (março de 2007). Strolling in Macau: A Visitor's Guide to Macau, Taipa, and Coloane (em inglês). [S.l.]: ThingsAsian Press. ISBN 9780971594098
41. Hamilton, Ruth Simms (2007). Routes of Passage: Rethinking the African Diaspora (em inglês). [S.l.]: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 9780870136320
42. Studia, revista semestral. [S.l.: s.n.] 1968
43. Sono, Themba (1993). Japan and Africa: The Evolution and Nature of Political, Economic and Human Bonds, 1543-1993 (em inglês). [S.l.]: HSRC. ISBN 9780796915252
44. Boxer, Charles Ralph (1968). Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 (em inglês). [S.l.]: Oxford U.P.
45. Macau Yearbook 2007, 518.
46. Fung, 409–410.
47. p.116 Garrett, Richard J. The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons Over 450 Years Hong Kong University Press, 1 February 2010
48. p.117 Garrett, Richard J. The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons Over 450 Years Hong Kong University Press, 1 February 2010
49. Fung, 410–411.
50. Lo Shiu-hing (December 1989). «Aspects of Political Development in Macau». The China Quarterly. 120: 837–851. doi:10.1017/S030574100001849X Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
51. Cathryn H. Clayton (2010). Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-674-03545-3
52. Asian Bulletin, Volume 10, Issues 7–12, APACL Publications, 1985, page 46
53. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, John Bowman, Columbia University Press, 2005, page 248
54. Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9
55. Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1
56. John Thomson 1837–1921,Chap on Hong Kong, Illustrations of China and Its People (London,1873–1874)
57. Info Gov HK. "Hong Kong Gov Info Arquivado em 6 julho 2006 no Wayback Machine." History of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 16 February 2007. Arquivado em 6 julho 2006 no Wayback Machine
58. Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong. Volume II: 1901–1945 5th ed. [S.l.]: FormAsia Books. p. 148. ISBN 962-7283-13-4
59. «History of Hong Kong». Global Times. 6 July 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 23 July 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
60. Scott, Ian (1989). Political change and the crisis of legitimacy in Hong Kong. [S.l.]: University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-1269-0
61. Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992). "Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history". Hong Kong University Press. p.8. ISBN 962-209-287-X
62. Brief Information on Proposed Grade I Items, pp. 53–54 Arquivado em 13 outubro 2012 no Wayback Machine
63. L, Klemen (1999–2000). «Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 7 December 1941 – 11 December 1941». Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Arquivado do original em 15 October 2015 Verifique data em: |arquivodata= (ajuda)
64. L, Klemen (1999–2000). «Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 25 December 1941 – 31 December 1941». Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Arquivado do original em 11 January 2012 Verifique data em: |arquivodata= (ajuda)
65. Bradsher, Keith (17 April 2005). «Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong». The New York Times. Consultado em 20 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
66. Moore, Lynden (1985). The growth and structure of international trade since the Second World War. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-521-46979-1. Consultado em 1 September 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
67. Forsyth, Neil, dir. Underground Pride. Mass Transit Railway Corporation, 1990. Film. 21 November 2013
68. Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). Hong Kong, China: Growth, Structural Change, and Economic Stability During the Transition. [S.l.]: International Monetary Fund. p. 54. ISBN 1-55775-672-4
69. «Links between SARS, human genes discovered». People's Daily. 16 January 2004. Consultado em 1 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
70. Lee, S. H. (2006). SARS in China and Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Nova Publishers. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-1-59454-678-5
71. «Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003». World Health Organization. 31 December 2003. Consultado em 4 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
72. 疫情衝擊香港經濟損失巨大 [The impact of economic losses in the great epidemic] (em Chinese). BBC News. 28 May 2003. Consultado em 24 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
73. Yau, Cannix (11 March 2005). «Tung's gone. What next?». The Standard. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 22 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
74. «Donald Tsang wins Chief Executive election». Hong Kong Government. 25 March 2007. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Cópia arquivada em 26 May 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
75. «Chinese Taipei Wins God Medal in Men's 400-Meter Relay». Kuomintang. 14 December 2009. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 13 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
76. «White paper on Hong Kong». BBC. Consultado em 10 June 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
77. «British parliamentary group unlawfully refused entry to Hong Kong». The Guardian. Consultado em 30 November 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
78. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2 January 2008). «Hong Kong politics: China sets reform timetable». The Economist. Consultado em 6 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
79. «Disappearance of 5 Tied to Publisher Prompts Broader Worries in Hong Kong». New York Times. Consultado em 4 January 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
80. «Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash». Financial Times. Consultado em 31 July 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
81. «Chow Wing-kan pulls out of Legco race amid threat» (em inglês). 26 August 2016. Consultado em 26 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
82. Trouble Down South: Why Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese Aren't Getting Along Ko, Vanessa. TIME, 24 June 2012.
83. «巿民的身份認同感 People's Ethnic Identity»
84. «Basic Law, Chapter VIII». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
85. Chen, Wenmin; Fu, H. L.; Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Hong Kong's Constitutional Debate: Conflict Over Interpretation. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-962-209-509-0
86. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 6». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
87. «Civil Service» (PDF). Information Services Department, Hong Kong Government. June 2009. Consultado em 6 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
88. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 3». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
89. Madden, Frederick (2000). The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948. Part 1: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falklands. Volume VIII: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing. pp. 188–196. ISBN 978-0-313-29072-5
90. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 1». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
91. Burns, John P. (2004). Government Capacity and the Hong Kong Civil Service. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-590597-7
92. «Basic Law, Chapter II». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
93. «Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue». Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. 10 May 1999. Consultado em 20 January 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
94. Ming, Sing (August 2006). «The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong». Informa. Journal of Contemporary China. 15 (48): 517–532. doi:10.1080/10670560600736558 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
95. Balfour, Frederik; Lui, Marco (25 June 2010). «Hong Kong Lawmakers Approve Tsang's Election Plan». Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Consultado em 6 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
96. «Public Consultation on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the Legislative Council in 2012» (PDF). Hong Kong Government. 11 June 2010. Consultado em 5 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
97. «Hopes for full democracy in Hong Kong dealt blow by Beijing». Hong Kong Herald. 31 August 2014. Consultado em 1 September 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
98. «The Legal System in Hong Kong». Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 20 September 2008. Arquivado do original em 13 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
99. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 4». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
100. Ash, Robert F. (2003). Hong Kong in Transition: One Country, Two Systems. Volume 11: RoutledgeCurzon Studies in the Modern History of Asia. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. pp. 161–188. ISBN 978-0-415-29954-1
101. «Introduction». Hong Kong Judiciary. Consultado em 20 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
102. Gaylord, Mark S.; Gittings, Danny; Traver, Harold (2009). Introduction to Crime, Law and Justice in Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-962-209-978-4
103. «Archived copy» (PDF). Consultado em 20 July 2013. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 16 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
104. «Basic Law Bulletin Issue No. 10 Part 3» (PDF). Consultado em 14 May 2014. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 4 December 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
105. «About Us: Organisation chart of the Secretary for Justice's Office». Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 5 September 2008. Arquivado do original em 4 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
106. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 2». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
107. Weisenhaus, Doreen; Cottrell, Jill; Yan, Mei Ning (2007). Hong Kong Media Law: A Guide for Journalists and Media Professionals. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-962-209-808-4
108. Article 151, Hong Kong Basic Law
109. Chapter 1, Hong Kong Year Book 2011
110. Christopher J. Marut Appointed as Director of the Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan^{[ligação inativa]}, American Institute in Taiwan, 8 May 2012
111. Commons, The Committee Office, House of. «House of Commons – The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration – Foreign Affairs»
112. «Political rights increased after handover: ExpertsHK – China Daily Asia». Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
113. «2008 Human Rights Report: China (Hong Kong)». US Department of State. Consultado em 2 March 2010. Cópia arquivada em 23 January 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
114. «Same-Sex Marriage / Civil partnership». FamilyCLIC.hk. Consultado em 25 September 2015 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
115. «Country Report 2009». Freedom House. Consultado em 14 December 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
116. «Protest against HK rail link». The Straits Times. 17 January 2010. Consultado em 6 April 2010. Arquivado do original em 24 July 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
117. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr03-04/english/counmtg/hansard/cm0428ti-translate-e.pdf
118. Yahoo Arquivado em 4 junho 2011 na Archive.today
119. «Sexual Orientation and Human Rights in Hong Kong». Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. Consultado em 2 March 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
120. Barme, Geremie R.; Ye, Sang (1 February 1996). «The Great Firewall of China». Wired.com. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
121. «The Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014 and Hong Kong's Freedoms» (em inglês). 9 December 2015. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
122. «Controversial 'Internet Article 23' may pass despite pan-dem opposition». Hong Kong Free Press. 4 December 2015. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
123. «Hong Kong– The Facts: District Administration» (PDF). Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 31 August 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
124. «Mission». Home Affairs Department, Hong Kong Government. 30 June 2009. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
125. Rioni, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. [S.l.]: Nova Publishers. pp. 154–163. ISBN 978-1-59033-237-5
126. «Mystery surrounds new Hong Kong army cadet force inaugurated at PLA base». SCMP Hong Kong. 15 January 2015 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
128. «Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2015». Planning Data. Planning Department. Consultado em 11 October 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
129. Morton, Brian; Harper, Elizabeth (1995). An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9789622093881
130. «2006 Population By-census» (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 13 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
131. «Tai Mo Shan Country Park». Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Government. 17 March 2006. Consultado em 8 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 3 September 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
132. «Hong Kong». Olympic Council of Asia. Consultado em 14 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 18 August 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
133. «Geopark leaflet» (PDF). Consultado em 26 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
134. «Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city». Hong Kong Trade Development Council. November 2001. Consultado em 17 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
135. «HK harbour reclamation reprieve». BBC News. 9 January 2004. Consultado em 4 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
136. Bradsher, Keith (5 November 2006). «Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote». The New York Times. Consultado em 1 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
137. «Climate of Hong Kong». Hong Kong Observatory. 4 May 2003. Consultado em 2 August 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
138. «Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition». Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 27 February 2008. Consultado em 7 May 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
141. http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/awsYearlyExtract_uc.htm?stn=WGL
142. «Hong Kong – Climate data». Weather Atlas. Consultado em 28 March 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
143. Coispeau, Olivier (10 August 2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium (em inglês). [S.l.]: World Scientific. ISBN 9789813108844 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
144. Bromma, Hubert (2007). How to Invest in Offshore Real Estate and Pay Little Or No Taxes. [S.l.]: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-07-147009-4
145. «Annual Statistics» (em inglês). World Federation of Exchanges. 2016. Consultado em 3 de julho de 2017. Cópia arquivada em 3 de julho de 2017
146. «Hong Kong IPOs May Raise Record $48 Billion in 2010, E&Y Says». Bloomberg L.P. 21 December 2009. Consultado em 17 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
147. «The Global Financial Centres Index 21» (PDF). Long Finance. March 2017 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
148. «Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016» (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. Monetary and Economic Department: 5. September 2016. Consultado em 3 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
149. Hong Kong's Linked Exchange Rate System (PDF). [S.l.]: Hong Kong Monetary Authority. p. 33. Consultado em 6 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
150. «End of an experiment». The Economist. 15 July 2010. Consultado em 5 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
151. «Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year». Government of Hong Kong. 12 January 2012. Consultado em 28 May 2012 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
152. «2008 Index of Economic Freedom». The Heritage Foundation. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 1 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda) ^{[necessário esclarecer]}
153. «Top 10 Countries». The Heritage Foundation. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 24 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
154. Preston, Peter Wallace; Haacke, Jürgen (2003). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN 978-0-7007-1637-1
155. Yeung, Rikkie (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0
156. «The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary» (PDF). City of London. March 2007. p. 6. Consultado em 12 April 2007. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 14 June 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
157. A Tale Of Three Cities，Time, 17 January 2008
158. «About Hong Kong». Hong Kong government. April 2006. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 19 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
159. «The Panama Canal: A plan to unlock prosperity». The Economist. 3 December 2009. Consultado em 4 December 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
160. Dhungana, Gita (29 December 2006). «Growth in exports defies predictions». The Standard. Consultado em 4 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
161. Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, Hong Kong Government, March 2008
162. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009: Addressing Triple Threats to Development. [S.l.]: United Nations Publications. 2009. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-92-1-120577-0
163. «Hong Kong». The World Factbook. CIA. 23 August 2010. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 14 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
164. Kong, Daniel (8 August 2013). «Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow?». Modern Farmer. Consultado em 26 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
165. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2015 Edition(Press release). UNWTO. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
166. «Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009». Mercer. 29 June 2010. Consultado em 25 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 25 July 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
167. «Global Wealth Continues Its Strong Recovery with $9 Trillion Gain, but Pressures on Wealth Managers Persist, Says Study by The Boston Consulting Group» (Nota de imprensa). Finance Twitter. 31 May 2011 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
168. «The 15 most billionaire-dense countries»
169. «Explore Economies». World Bank. 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
170. «World News, Politics, Economics, Business & Finance». The Economist
171. Tsang, Donald (18 September 2006). «Big Market, Small Government» (Nota de imprensa). Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 6 October 2010. Arquivado do original em 5 December 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
172. «Hong Kong's Export Outlook for 2008: Maintaining Competitiveness through Supply Chain Management». Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 6 December 2007. Consultado em 30 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
173. «HKDF –Has Hong Kong Lost its Competitiveness?». Hong Kong Democratic Foundation. Consultado em 14 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)^{[ligação inativa]}
174. «Public Transport Introduction». Transport Department, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 13 July 2008. Cópia arquivada em 7 July 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
175. Lam, William H. K.; Bell, Michael G. H. (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. [S.l.]: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-08-044206-8
176. «Octopus Card Information». Octopus Cards Limited. Consultado em 10 December 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
177. Poon, Simpson; Chau, Patrick (February 2001). «Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong». Informa. Electronic Markets. 11 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1080/101967801300197016 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
178. «Press Release: Government has reached understanding with MTRCL on the terms for merging the MTR and KCR systems». Hong Kong Government. 11 April 2006. Consultado em 17 November 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
179. «Tourist Information». Mass Transit Railway. Consultado em 29 April 2008. Arquivado do original em 16 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
180. «The Company». Hong Kong Tramways. Consultado em 29 April 2008. Cópia arquivada em 10 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
181. Cullinane, S. (January 2002). «The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong». Transport Policy. 9 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
182. Ng, Tze-wei (10 November 2006). «Not even HK's storied Star Ferry can face down developers». International Herald Tribune. Consultado em 1 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 24 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
183. «Ferry is amongst the world's best». BBC News. 19 October 2004. Consultado em 29 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
184. Fitzpatrick, Liam. «Hong Kong: 10 Things to Do in 24 Hours». Time. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
185. Cushman, Jennifer Wayne (1993). Fields from the sea: Chinese junk trade with Siam during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. [S.l.]: SEAP Publications. p. 57. ISBN 0-87727-711-7
186. «HIT:: Hongkong International Terminals». Consultado em 22 February 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
187. Thomson, John (1873). Illustrations of China and Its People. [S.l.]: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle. p. 96
188. Cavaliero, Eric (24 July 1997). «Grand old lady to turn 110». The Standard. Consultado em 1 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 22 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
189. Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). «Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven». The New York Times. Consultado em 22 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
190. «About Us». Hong Kong International Airport. Consultado em 28 April 2008. Cópia arquivada em 21 August 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
191. «International travellers have voted Hong Kong the best airport in the world». Skytrax. 8 August 2007. Consultado em 28 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
192. «Air Cargo and Aviation Logistic Services» (PDF). Hong Kong International Airport. p. 1. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)^{[ligação inativa]}
193. Lee, N. K. (2013). «The Changing Nature of Border, Scale and the Production of Hong Kong's Water Supply System since 1959». International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12060
194. «Population – Overview – Census and Statistics Department»
195. «Table 003 : Population Growth by Component – Census and Statistics Department»
196. «GovHK: Hong Kong – the Facts». www.gov.hk. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
197. «Hong Kong Demographics Profile 2014». www.indexmundi.com. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
198. The Committee Office, House of Commons. «House of Commons - Foreign Affairs - Fifth Report». Parliament of the United Kingdom. Consultado em 26 February 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
199. Fan Shuh Ching (1974). «The Population of Hong Kong» (PDF). Committee for International Coordination of National Research in Demography. World Population Year: 18–20. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
200. «A history of refugees in Hong Kong». Time Out Hong Kong. 18 June 2013. Consultado em 9 September 2013. The first wave of refugees came to Hong Kong in the 1930s to escape from the Chinese Civil War and the Sino-Japanese War, but it wasn't until 1949, during the Chinese exodus, when an estimated one million mainland Chinese started coming into the territory via the northern borders. Many people, mostly anti-communist Kuomintang officials and capitalists, rushed to Hong Kong in search of refuge. Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
201. Lonely Planet Hong Kong 10th ed. [S.l.]: Lonely Planet. 2002. p. 16. ISBN 1-86450-230-4. The turmoil on the mainland, leading to the defeat of the Nationalists and takeover by the Communists in 1949, unleashed a torrent of refugees – both rich and poor -into Hong Kong.
202. «Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories». South China Morning Post. Consultado em 9 September 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
203. Carroll, John (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7425-3422-3
204. «Right of Abode in HKSAR—Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card». Immigration Department, Hong Kong Government. 5 June 2007. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 19 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
205. «Who is entitled to sponsor family members to come to live in Hong Kong? If I am a lawful resident of Hong Kong, can my family members in the Mainland (or elsewhere) apply to immigrate to Hong Kong?». Community Legal Information Centre. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
206. «Centre for Health Protection - Life Expectancy at Birth (Male and Female), 1971 - 2015»
207. «Census Result - 2011 Hong Kong Population Census»
208. «Population by Ethnicity and District Council District, 2011 (A205)»
209. «Counting Expat Numbers a Complex Task (Hong Kong)». Global Auto Industry. July 2008. Consultado em 30 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
210. International Labour Office (2009). Application of International Labour Standards 2009 (I). [S.l.]: International Labour Organization. p. 640. ISBN 92-2-120634-3
211. Westra, Nick (5 June 2007). «Hong Kong as a Cantonese speaking city». Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 14 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
212. «Main Tables - Proportion of Population Aged 5 and Over by Able to Speak Selected Languages/ Dialects and Year». 2016 Population By-Census. Consultado em 1 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
213. «Main Tables - Proportion of Population Aged 5 and Over by Able to Speak Selected Languages/ Dialects and Year». 2016 Population By-Census. Consultado em 1 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
214. Yum, Cherry (2007). «Which Chinese? Dialect Choice in Philadelphia's Chinatown» (PDF). Haverford College. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
215. «Main Tables - Proportion of Population Aged 5 and Over by Able to Speak Selected Languages/ Dialects and Year». 2016 Population By-Census. Consultado em 1 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
216. «Hong Kong». Bmm.org. 1 July 1997. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
217. «China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)». State.gov. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
218. Carballo, Marita. «RELIGION IN THE WORLD AT THE END OF THE MILLENNIUM». Gallup International Association. Consultado em 11 May 2012. Cópia arquivada em 20 July 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
219. «Apostasy». Countdown.org. Consultado em 2 November 2011. Arquivado do original em 25 July 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
220. «Evolution wins out in Hong Kong curriculum dispute». Nature.com. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
221. «Victory for Darwin – Creationism rejected in new guidelines on the biology curriculum | 香港獨立媒體». Inmediahk.net. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
222. «Hong Kong Year Book (2010): Chapter 18 – Religion and Custom» (PDF). Consultado em 26 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
223. «Hong Kong China Temple». The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Consultado em 30 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
224. 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. [S.l.]: Watch Tower Society. p. 184
225. «International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Hong Kong». United States Department of State. 2007. Consultado em 16 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
226. «International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – Hong Kong». United States Department of State. 2006. Consultado em 6 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
227. Piboontanasawat, Nipa (23 October 2008). «Hong Kong Has Highest Income Disparity in Asia, UN Report Says». Bloomberg. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
228. «State of the World's Cities 2008/2009» (PDF) (Nota de imprensa). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2009. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
229. «Subcommittee to Study the Subject of Combating Poverty» (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 23 June 2005. Consultado em 30 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
230. «Policies in Assisting Low-income Employees» (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Commission on Poverty. 23 January 2006. Consultado em 30 August 2010. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 1 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
231. Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3
232. 母語教學小冊子 [Mother Tongue Instruction Handbook] (em Chinese). Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 4 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 9 February 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
233. «Policy for Secondary Schools -Medium of Instruction Policy for Secondary Schools». Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 4 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 11 January 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
234. «PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World». Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. Consultado em 14 December 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
235. «Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary Education». Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Arquivado do original em 30 December 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
236. «Programme Highlights». Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 20 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
237. Li, Arthur (18 May 2005). «Creating a better education system». Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 17 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 3 March 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
238. «HKDSE». Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. 12 October 2010. Consultado em 20 October 2010. Arquivado do original em 16 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
239. «History of HKU»
240. «Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong». Minerva. 1 (4): 493–507. Summer 1963. Consultado em 30 April 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
241. Tan, Hwee Ann (5 June 2013). «Hong Kong Says International Schools Can't Meet Primary Demand». Bloomberg Businessweek. Consultado em 9 June 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
242. Hsu, Cathy (12 November 2012). Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 139–142. ISBN 978-1-136-44847-8 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
243. «Clusters, Hospitals & Institutions». Hospital Authority. Consultado em 9 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
244. «Health & safety». Lonely Planet. Consultado em 10 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
245. «Private Hospitals in Hong Kong». The New Economy. Consultado em 9 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
246. «Life Expectancy Around the World». LiveScience. 1 August 2012 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
247. «Longest Life Expectancy In World: Women In Hong Kong Now Outlast Japan». Huffington Post. 26 July 2012 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
248. «Milestones». Chinese University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 10 May 2013. Arquivado do original em 23 September 2012 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
249. «Education». University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 10 May 2013. Arquivado do original em 8 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
250. «Educational objectives». University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 10 May 2013. Arquivado do original em 24 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
251. LaFraniere, Sharon (22 February 2012). «Mainland Chinese Flock to Hong Kong to Give Birth». The New York Times. Consultado em 9 June 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
252. «24 hours in Hong Kong: Urban thrills where East meets West». CNN. 8 March 2009. Consultado em 27 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
253. «Feng shui used in 90% of RP businesses». Philippine Daily Inquirer. 17 February 2009. Consultado em 14 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
254. Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. [S.l.]: Sussex Academic Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-84519-172-6
255. Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-962-209-605-9
256. Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience. Volume 1. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-962-209-787-2
257. Stone, Andrew; Chow, Chung Wah; Ho, Reggie (15 January 2008). Hong Kong and Macau. [S.l.]: Lonely Planet. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-74104-665-6 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
258. «Hong Kong calls itself Asia's entertainment hub». Monsters and Critics. 23 March 2007 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
259. Corliss, Richard (24 September 2001). «Hong Kong music circles the globe with its easy-listening hits and stars». Time. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
260. «General Information». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 15 October 2009. Consultado em 31 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 16 November 2004 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
261. «About the Museum». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 25 May 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 20 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
262. «Broadcasting: Licences». Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
263. Li, Jinquan (2002). Global Media Spectacle: News War Over Hong Kong. [S.l.]: State University of New York Press. pp. 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7914-5472-5
264. Walker, Christopher; Cook, Sarah (12 October 2009). «China's Export of Censorship». Far Eastern Economic Review. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
265. «Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Venue (Beas River & Shatin)». Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Consultado em 4 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 9 August 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
266. Macdonald, Phil (2006). National Geographic Traveler: Hong Kong 2nd ed. [S.l.]: National Geographic Society. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7922-5369-3
267. «Legislative Council Panel on Home Affairs Sports Development Policy and Objectives» (PDF). Home Affairs Bureau. October 2010. Consultado em 8 June 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
268. «Cities with the most skyscrapers». Emporis. Consultado em 14 June 2012 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
269. Tong, C. O.; Wong, S. C. (August 1997). «The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development». Transportation. 24 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1023/A:1004987422746 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
270. «World's Tallest Residential Towers». Emporis. Consultado em 24 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
271. «Vertical Cities: Hong Kong/New York.». Time Out. 3 August 2008. Consultado em 25 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 16 January 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
272. «Home page». Skyscraper Museum. 14 July 2008. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
273. «International Commerce Centre». Emporis. Consultado em 2 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
274. «Two International Finance Centre». Emporis. Consultado em 24 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
275. «Emporis Skyline Ranking». Emporis. Consultado em 24 May 2009. Arquivado do original em 4 June 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
276. «The world's top 20 city skylines, CNNGo.com». Consultado em 1 March 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
277. «Best Skyline Poll». Consultado em 8 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
278. Gramsbergen, Egbert; Paul Kazmierczak. «The World's Best Skylines». Consultado em 8 February 2008. Arquivado do original em 4 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
279. «Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Hong Kong Island». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
280. «Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Kowloon Island». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
281. Sinn, Elizabeth (1990). «Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History» (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27: 30–31. Consultado em 20 June 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 17 May 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
282. «Tamar Development Project». Hong Kong Government. 23 April 2010. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 28 May 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
283. «Central Waterfront Design Competition». Designing Hong Kong. Consultado em 26 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
284. «West Kowloon Cultural District Public Engagement Exercise». Home Affairs Bureau, Hong Kong Government. 26 August 2008. Consultado em 6 October 2010. Cópia arquivada em 11 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
285. «Kai Tak building height restrictions lifted». Hong Kong Government. 10 July 1998. Consultado em 26 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)

Sources

• Bard, Solomon, ed. (2002). Voices from the Past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press
• Endacott, G. B. (1964). An Eastern Entrepot: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 293. ASIN B0007J07G6. OCLC 632495979
• Hanstedt, Paul (2012). Hong Konged: One Modern American Family's (Mis)adventures in the Gateway to China. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-4405-4073-8
• Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2

Further reading

• Barrett, Dean, Hangman's Point, Hong Kong & southern China in 1857, Village East Books, ISBN 0-9661899-1-4, 1998
• Callick, Rowan. Comrades & Capitalists: Hong Kong since the Handover (University of New South Wales Press, 1998) online
• Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8
• Lee, James. Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong (1999)
• Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8
• Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8
• Ngo, Tak-Wing (1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0
• Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0
• Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7

External links

Predefinição:Sister project links

• Hong Kong at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Hong Kong no The World Factbook
• Hong Kong from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Hong Kong
• Predefinição:OSM relation
• Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong from International Futures

Government

• GovHK Hong Kong SAR Government portal
• Discover Hong Kong – Official site of the Hong Kong Tourism Board

Trade

• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong

Predefinição:Countries of Asia Predefinição:Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China

Predefinição:Good article

Category:Hong Kong Category:South China Category:South China Sea

Category:Cities in China

Este página é sobre Hong Kong as a special administrative region of China. Para outros usos, ver Gato Preto/Testes/2 (desambiguação).

 Nota: "HK" redireciona para esta página. Para outros significados, veja HK (desambiguação).

Predefinição:Pp-move-indef Predefinição:Pp-semi-indef Predefinição:Use dmy dates Predefinição:EngvarB

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
Anthem: "March of the Volunteers"[1]
City flower Bauhinia blakeana (洋紫荊)
Location of Hong Kong Location of Hong Kong
Official language(s)		Chinesea English [2][3]
Official scripts[4]		Traditional Chinese English alphabet
Ethnic groups		93.6% Chinese 6.4% others [note 5] [6]
Demonym		Hong Konger Hong Kongese chinês: 香港人
Sovereign state		China
Government		Multi-party system
-	Chief Executive	Carrie Lam
-	Chief Secretary	Matthew Cheung
Legislature		Legislative Council
History
-	British possession	26 January 1841
-	Treaty of Nanking	29 August 1842
-	Convention of Peking	18 October 1860
-	Second Convention of Peking	1 July 1898
-	Japanese occupation	25 December 1941 to 15 August 1945
-	Transfer of sovereignty from United Kingdom	1 July 1997
Area
-	Total	2,755 km2 (167th) 1,064 sq mi
-	Water (%)	59.8 (1,649 km2; 637 sq mi)[7]
Population
-	2016 estimate	7,374,900[8] (100th)
-	Density	6,544[6]/km2 (4th) 17,024/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2016 estimate
-	Total	$429.652 billion[9] (44th)
-	Per capita	$58,322[9] (11th)
GDP (nominal)		2016 estimate
-	Total	$320.668 billion[9] (33th)
-	Per capita	$43,528[9] (16th)
Gini (2016)		53.9
HDI (2014)		0.910 (12th)
Currency		Hong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)
Time zone		Hong Kong Time (UTC+8)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+8)
Date formats		dd-mm-yyyy yyyy年mm月dd日
Drives on the		left
Internet TLD		.hk .香港
Calling code		+852

Predefinição:Infobox Chinese

Predefinição:Contains Chinese text

Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on China's south coast. It has an area of 1,104 km² and shares its northern border with the Guangdong Province of Mainland China. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities,^{[note 6]} Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.

Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.^[10]

Under the principle of "one country, two systems",^[11][12] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.^[13] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".^[14] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO^[15] and the APEC ^[16], actively and independently.

Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.^[17][18] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,^[19] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.^[20] As the world's most visited city,^[21][22] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.^[23] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.^[24]

Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boosts the world's 5th busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.^[25][26] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.^[27][28] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.^[29][30] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.^[31][32][33]

Etymology

Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.^[34]

The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".^[35][36][37] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (chinês: 香港仔), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.^[38]

Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.^[39] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.^[40]

Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.^[37]

The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.^[41] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;^[42] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.

Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".

History

Predefinição:Main article

Prehistory

Predefinição:Main article Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.^[43][44][45]

Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.^[46][47] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.^[48]

Imperial China

Predefinição:Main article In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.^[49][50][51]

After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.^[52] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.^[53]

From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.^[54] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.^[55] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.^[56] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.

From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.

European discovery

The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.^[57][58] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.

Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.^[59] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.^[60][61]

British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London

Predefinição:Main article In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.^[62] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.^[63]

The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.^[64][65]

Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.

In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.^[66][67][68]

Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.

Hong Kong filmed in 1937

In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).

Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's oldest higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained peaceful. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.^[69]

In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.

Japanese occupation: 1941–45

Predefinição:Main article

The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.^[70]

As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.^[71] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".^[72]

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 30 August 1945.^[73]

Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

Predefinição:Main article

Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997

Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.^[66] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.^[66] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.

Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.^[74] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.

Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.

An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986

To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.^[75]

In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.^[76]

The Hong Kong question

In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.

The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.

^[66] It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.^[66] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.

Handover and Special Administrative Region status

Predefinição:Main article

Transfer of sovereignty

Golden Bauhinia Square

On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.

Tung Chee-Hwa: 1997–2003

Soon after Hong Kong's transfer to China, the territory has suffered coincidentally an economic double-blow: Asian Financial Crisis and the H5N1 avian flu pandemic. The then-Financial Secretary, Sir Donald Tsang, adopted a radical measure to make use of British Hong Kong foreign currency reserves and restored Hong Kong's financial stability. In December 1997, officials had to destroy 1.4 million livestock in order to contain the H5 virus from spreading.^[66]

Despite a recovering economy from the Asian Financial Crisis, mismanagement of Tung's housing policy triggered a housing market crisis in 1998, disrupting market supply and sent properties prices tumbling until 2002. This caused many homeowners to become bankrupt due to negative equity.

In 1998, Hong Kong moved its international airport from Kai Tak to an artificially-reclaimed island north of Lantau Island. Construction of this new airport began under the British Rose Garden Project and was completed in May 1998.

Chris Patten's democratic reform of the Legislative Council Election in 1994 was abruptly terminated when Hong Kong transferred to China in 1997. In 1995, China set up a parallel "Provisional Council" of pro-Beijing members in Shenzhen. This Provisional Legislative Council, lacking legislative or constitutional power, moved into Hong Kong and completed its term in 1999. The Legislative Council resumed its full function after the 1999 election under pre-reformed rules; one of the prominent tasks was to complete legislation of articles in the Hong Kong Basic Law, constitutional document of the territory.

Despite the unopposed re-election of Tung in July 2002, distrust of China remained throughout Tung's first term as Chief Executive. In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).^[77][78] The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong.^[79] Economic activities slowed down and schools were closed for weeks at the height of SARS epidemic. An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.^[80]

In May 2003, the government's attempt to legislate Article 23 (National Security) of the Basic Law aroused strong suspicion among Hong Kong citizens. This Article would grant Hong Kong's police force right of access to private property on grounds of 'safeguarding national security', but without court warrants. Coupled with years of economic hardships and discontent of Tung's pro-Beijing stance, a mass demonstration broke out on 1 July 2003. This demonstration hastened the resignations of two government ministers and, eventually, that of Tung on 10 March 2005.^[81]

Sir Donald Tsang: 2005–2012

Sir Donald Tsang, then-Chief Secretary for Administration and ex-official of the British Hong Kong government, entered the 2005 election uncontested and was appointed by Beijing as the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005. In 2006, Tsang introduced food safety procedures to Hong Kong in light of loose vetting standards, contamination and counterfeit food issues of mainland China.

Tsang went on to win a second term in office following the 2007 Chief Executive election under managed voting.^[82] As a result of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, Tsang's government rolled out a package of financial stimulus of HK$11 billion and a depositor guarantee scheme to safeguard Hong Kong dollar savings in bank accounts. Hong Kong narrowed avoided a technical recession from the ongoing crisis.

In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the 5th East Asian Games and nine national teams competed in it. The Games were the first and largest international multi-sport event ever organised and hosted by the city.^[83] Major infrastructure and tourist projects also began under Sir Tsang's second term, including the Ngong Ping Cable Car, Tian Tan Buddha and the West Kowloon Cultural District. The most controversial, however, was the high-speed railway link connecting Hong Kong and neighbouring cities of mainland China; as of 2016, the project has suffered numerous delays, surging labour and material costs and dispute over immigration procedures.

"Hong Kong" branded as "Asia's World City".

Overlook Hong Kong Island north coast, Victoria Harbour and Central & East Kowloon from middle section of Lugard Road at daytime.

During Tsang's second term, he initiated modest reforms in areas of education, environment and food safety. He concluded his term, however, when a local news media uncovered evidence of him receiving favours and hospitality from business tycoons on various occasions. This resulted in further discovery of bribery in Tsang's government; then-Chief Secretary of Administration, Rafael Hui, was convicted of corruption in 2014.

Leung Chun-ying: 2012–2017

Predefinição:Main article

3 candidates stood for the 2012 Chief Executive Election, including one from the Democratic Party. A selected electorate of 1,200 pro-Beijing members constituted the election committee; Leung Chun-ying won 689 votes and was appointed Chief Executive on 1 July by China.

During Leung's term, the government completed legislation of Anti-trust and Competition Ordinance and introduced minimum wage in 2015. Political debates, however, have centred themselves predominately on universal suffrage and education reform. The government's proposed National Education curriculum in 2014 attracted polarising reactions across Hong Kong's public and a draft bill was eventually withdrawn. Reactions from China, including the 2014 White Paper on Hong Kong,^[84] attracted worldwide allegations of Beijing's intervention into Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy.^[85] The most contentious issue was China's outright disregard of its commitment to the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration in written text. This has fuelled up a number of mass protests and the most prominent one was the Occupy Central (later termed "Umbrella") movement in September to December 2014.^[86]

Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, along with neutrality of press and media, judicial independence and freedom of speech and publication, have at times been scrutinised. With continued distrust of Chinese government, notable events such as violent attack on journalists, increasing level of press self-censorship, alleged extraterritorial abduction of anti-China publishers^[87] and covert intervention into Hong Kong's educational, political and independent institutions have posed challenges to the "One Country, Two Systems" arrangement. In the 2016 Legislative Council Election, there were reports of discrepancies in the electorate registry, which contains ghost registrations across constituencies, as well as political intervention to strip pro-Independence individuals of their right to stand in elections^[88] and alleged death threats to election candidates.^[89]

Social tension has heightened during Leung's term, with many Hongkongers believing that China increased their efforts to exert influence on everyday life in Hong Kong. The territory currently delegates control of Chinese immigrants, as well as issue of visitor permits, to Chinese authorities. On the first day of Chinese New Year 2016, riots targeting the police force broke out.^[90] The most recent survey in 2016 (with a sample base of 573) in Hong Kong shows that 17.8% respondents considered themselves as "Chinese citizens", whereas 41.9% considered themselves purely as "citizens of Hong Kong".^[91]

Governance

Predefinição:Main article

Carrie Lam Chief Executive	Matthew Cheung Chief Secretary

Structure of government

Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.^{[note 7]} This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. ^{[note 8]} Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).^[92][93]

Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.

Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.^[94][95]

The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.^[96][97]

In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.

Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.^[98][99]

Electoral and political reforms

Opened in 1912, this granite neo-classical building in Central used to house the Supreme Court. It became the home to Legislative Council of Hong Kong (dubbed "Legco") from 1985 to 2011, spanning across the British and the Chinese rule. However, as the Legco has moved to a new complex in 2011, the building will revert to a judicial function, housing the Court of Final Appeal from 2015 onwards.

Hong Kong's Basic Law, implemented in the territory on 1 July 1997, consists of outstanding articles which require bill adoption by the Legislative Council before becoming effective laws. Two of the most prominent articles include Article 23 ("National Security") and universal suffrage of Chief Executive elections. In 2002, the government's motion of an anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23, was met with fierce opposition and eventually dropped.^[100][101] Reform bills on universal suffrage, however, have made partial progress in expanding the Chief Executive election's committee (from 600 to 800 in 2007 and to 1,200 selected members in 2012) and the Legislative Council (from 60 to 70 seats). These additional 10 seats are created through directly elected members of District Offices.^[102]

Continual debate between pro-Beijing and pan-democratic factions characterises Hong Kong's contemporary political landscape across the transition from the British Empire to China. Aside from clashes over a range of social, welfare, labour and economic policies, the most contentious topic has been universal suffrage. Ideological differences over the pace of democratisation have shadowed over the 2004 Bill of Political Reform "District Council Model (District Office)", 2009 Bill of Political Reform (passed 46–12) "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012" ^[103][104] and the 2015 Bill of Political Reform (blocked 8–27).^[105]

Legal system and judiciary

Predefinição:Main article

Themis or Lady Justice, armed with sword and balance scales (Court of Final Appeal Building, Central, Hong Kong). She is the personification of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness.

Hong Kong's current legal system, independent of the legal system of mainland China and Chinese civil law, inherits from British Common Law established before 1997. The guiding principle is an independent judicial system in which the Rule of Law, as opposed to Rule by Law, safeguards judicial courts from government intervention.^[106]

The essence of British Common Law is the juror system: court judges (equivalent to British JPs) make case verdicts with the assistance of a group of eligible, court-appointed jurors who are members of the public. One feature of the Common Law system is the basis of legal precedent (stare decisis) in which judges refer to empirical evidence from previous cases of a similar category prior to handing out a final verdict. According to Article 92 of Hong Kong's Basic Law, judicial courts may refer to decisions which are rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents^[11][107] (England, Canada and Australia). Judges from these jurisdictions are permitted to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.^[11][107]

Hong Kong's court system comprises the Court of Final Appeal (formerly HM Court of Final Appeal in the United Kingdom), the High Court (constitutes the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance) and the District Court (includes the Family Court).^[108] Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.^[108] Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.^[11][109] The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to Hong Kong's Basic Law, as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws such as the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic Law.^[110][111]

The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform and international legal co-operation between different jurisdictions.^[106] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.^[106] As protector of public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.^[112] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.^[113][114]

Foreign relations

Predefinição:Main article

Olympic Square, Hong Kong

Hong Kong's Basic Law (Article 151) delegates all diplomatic affairs to China's Foreign Ministry, but the territory retains exclusive rights in fostering external relations in international organisations, co-operation bodies and sports and cultural events. Under the alias "Hong Kong, China", Hong Kong maintains active partnerships with foreign nations in the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). Overseas Representatives of Hong Kong cover the fields of economy, trade, monetary finance, shipping, communications, tourism, culture and sports.^[115]

Under the special condition of Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, the territory is able to maintain an independent customs area and separate immigration policy from those of China. This separate exercise of customs and immigration, subject to conditional reviews, is recognised by foreign nations through their legislature, such as the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act. Hong Kong maintains an international border with mainland China across 5 border control stations by land, 3 entry and exit points by sea and the International Airport. Applications for entry permits are, however, handled by Chinese Embassies for Hong Kong.

Foreign representation in Hong Kong includes 59 Consulates-General, 62 Consulates/Embassies and 5 officially recognised international bodies, such as the Office of the European Union. A number of Consulate-Generals in Hong Kong, such as the United States and United Kingdom, operate independently of their embassies in Beijing, extend their areas of jurisdiction beyond Hong Kong to include Macau, and report directly to their respective foreign offices.^{[116][117][118]}

Human rights

Predefinição:Main article The Hong Kong government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, and members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the District Council of Hong Kong are elected into office by Hong Kong citizens. However, there are 27 ex officio members of the district council (the Rural Committee Chairmen in the New Territories) as of the fifth District Council Assembly, and roughly half of the legislative council seats are elected by 3% of the people in Hong Kong through the functional constituency. The imbalance of voting power in the LegCo has led to widespread criticism of its inability to represent Hongkongers' socio-economic needs.^[119] In addition, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong is elected by 1,200 members based on their contributions to four different sectors of Hong Kong's society. This policy has received criticism from various political figures in Hong Kong, and led to the Umbrella Revolution. Plans to expand the voting population had begun to appear in the 2000s, and political figures liaised with the government to provide universal suffrage.

There are restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of assembly.^[120][121] 200,000 migrant workers cannot make complaints against their employers since they face deportation if dismissed from their jobs. A 2008 law against racial discrimination does not cover mainlanders, immigrants or migrant workers.^[122] The police have been accused of using heavy-handed tactics toward protesters in public rallies,^[123] and there is controversy regarding the extensive powers of the police.^[124] Covert surveillance is another major concern.^[125]

Hong Kong has a higher age-of-consent and harsher punishments for illegal homosexual acts.^[126]

Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations from those of mainland China.^[127] In November 2015, the newly established Innovation and Technology Bureau pushed for the legislation of the Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014, more popularly known as the Internet Article 23, which would severely limit the legality of derivative works^[128] and other activities previously permitted on the Internet.^[129] Supporters of the bill point to the fact that Hong Kong is lagging behind in the protection of intellectual property rights, but detractors state that creative work on the Internet should be exempt from legislation, and the ordinance would severely violate human rights.

Regions and districts

Predefinição:Main article

Hong Kong comprises three geographical regions, which coincided with its historical expansion by the British colonial government: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon (1860) and the New Territories and Outlying Islands (1898). The first established settlement was City of Victoria on Hong Kong Island. Its area coincided with modern-day Central and Western District (#15 in map).

Since the abolition of decentralised Urban and District Councils in 1999, Hong Kong is now a unitary territory subdivided into 18 districts. Each district is represented by a district council, who advises the government on various local agendas such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental policies.^[130] There are a total of 541 district council seats, 412 of which are directly elected and another 27 are ex-officio chairmen of rural committees (families of landowners in the New Territories before 1898); the remaining seats are appointed by the Chief Executive.^[130] The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.^[131]

Hong Kong Island

Kowloon

New Territories

18 Administrative Districts: 1. Islands, 2. Kwai Tsing, 3. North, 4. Sai Kung, 5. Sha Tin, 6. Tai Po, 7. Tsuen Wan, 8. Tuen Mun, 9. Yuen Long, 10. Kowloon City, 11. Kwun Tong, 12. Sham Shui Po, 13. Wong Tai Sin, 14. Yau Tsim Mong, 15. Central & Western, 16. Eastern, 17. Southern, 18. Wan Chai

Military

Predefinição:Main article

PLA Hong Kong Garrison arm badge

Since July 1997, the responsibility of maintaining the military forces in Hong Kong has been transferred from the British Armed Forces to China's PLA Hong Kong Garrison under the Liberation Army. The garrison, consisting of units from ground, naval and air forces, reports its command to the Central Military Commission.

The Basic Law of Hong Kong protects all civilians and civil affairs against any interference by the garrison. All military personnel, while stationed in Hong Kong, must remain within barrack grounds. When such personnel leave their barracks, they are subject to Hong Kong laws. The territory's police, who are civil servants, are responsible for maintaining public order; under exceptional circumstances, however, the police force may ask China for assistance from the garrison in disaster relief.^[100][132]

In January 2015, the People's Liberation Army sponsored the establishment of Hong Kong Army Cadets Association for children over 6 years old. The inauguration ceremony was held at a garrison's naval base in Hong Kong; but most media were excluded from this event except pro-Beijing press.^[133]

Geography and climate

Predefinição:Main article

Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image.

Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Sham Chun River. The territory's 2 755 km² (1 100 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1 106 km² (430 sq mi) is land and 1 649 km² (640 sq mi) is water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of Predefinição:Convert/LoffAoutDbSoffPredefinição:Convert/test/Aout. Its land area makes Hong Kong the 167th largest inhabited territory in the world.^[134] Less than 25% of Hong Kong's land area is built-up, while the majority is grassland, woodland, shrubland, and agricultural land.^[135]

Higher-altitude areas of Hong Kong are often dominated by grassland: Lantau Island during the dry season.

As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.^[136] Low altitude vegetation in Hong Kong is dominated by secondary rainforests, as the primary forest was mostly cleared during the Second World War, and higher altitudes are dominated by grasslands. Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.^[137] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metros (3 100 pé) above sea level.^[138] Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches.^[139] On 18 September 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.^[140]

Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,^[141] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.^[142] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.^[143]

Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Typhoons most often occur in summer. They sometimes result in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.^[144] Snowfall is extremely rare, and usually occurs in areas of high elevation. Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,^[145] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36,3 °C (97 °F<) on 8 August 2015 and 0,0 °C (32 °F<) on 18 January 1893, respectively.^[146][147] The highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures across all of Hong Kong, on the other hand, are 42,1 °C (108 °F<) at Waglan Island in June 1991^[148] and −6 °C (21 °F<) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016, respectively. Predefinição:Hong Kong weatherbox

Climate data for Hong Kong
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)	19.1 (66.4)	18.9 (66.0)	20.1 (68.2)	22.7 (72.9)	26.8 (80.2)	28.5 (83.3)	29.1 (84.4)	28.6 (83.5)	28.3 (82.9)	26.5 (79.7)	24.3 (75.7)	21.0 (69.8)	24.5 (76.1)
Mean daily daylight hours	11.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	12.0	12.0	11.0	11.0	12.1
Average Ultraviolet index	7	9	11	11+	11+	11+	11+	11+	11	9	7	7	9.7
Source: Weather Atlas [149]

Economy

Predefinição:Main article

The Two International Finance Centre in Central, an integrated commercial development in Central

Financial centre

As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. From the second half of the 19th century and continuing into the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong operated as a key command centre for the allocation of Asian capital in its broadest form. Hong Kong stature as an International Financial centre (IFC), gradually developed from the 1950s to become a key component of the island's economy.^[150] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.^[151] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$3.2 trillion as of December 2016.^[152] In 2009, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world^[153] and the easiest place to raise capital. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Hong Kong was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as London, New York City, Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago, Sydney, Boston, and Toronto in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia after Singapore.^[154]

The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the thirteenth most traded currency in the world Desde 2016^[update],^[20] it has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983.^[155] Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism, but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage.^[156] It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995.^{[157][158][159]} It is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.^{[160][161][162]} In 2008, the territory was named as a Nylonkong global metropolis and financial centre.^[163]

International trading

Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,^[164] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre.^[165] Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports,^[166] which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline.^[167] Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007.^[168] Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.^[169]

The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there.^[170] Agricultural activity—relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP—primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.

Tourism and expatriation

In 2014, Hong Kong was the eleventh most popular destination for international tourists among countries and territories worldwide, with a total of 27.8 million visitors contributing a total of US$38,376 million in international tourism receipts. Hong Kong is also the most popular city for tourists, nearly two times of its nearest competitor Macau.^[171]

Desde 2010^[update] Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year.^[172] Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars.^[173] Hong Kong is also ranked second in the world by the most billionaires per capita (one per 132,075 people), behind Monaco.^[174] In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.^[175] Hong Kong is also ranked No. 1 in the world in the Crony Capitalism Index by The Economist.^[176]

Policy

The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s.^[177] Since then, it has grown to become a leading centre for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.

Hong Kong financial centre matured in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended.^[178][179] Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.^[156]

Infrastructure

Predefinição:Main article

The Mass Transit Railway has more than 150 stations in its network.

CityBus Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 10.5m-A double-decker in Hong Kong heading to Stanley

Hong Kong – Kowloon Star Ferry

Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on public transport,^[29] the highest such percentage in the world.^[30] Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the MTR (Mass Transit Railway), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.^[180][181]

The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with MTR in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR).^[182] The MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations which serve 3.4 million people a day.^[183] Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.^[184]

Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes Desde 2014^[update]. The largest are Kowloon Motor Bus, providing 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories, and Citybus, operating 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.^[185]

The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates two lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.^[186] It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central route one of the most picturesque in the world.^[187] Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.^[188][189] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.^[190]

Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs.^[191] The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.^[192] In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.^[193]

Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007.^[194] It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.^[195] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.^[194][196]

Providing an adequate water supply for Hong Kong has always been difficult because the region has few natural lakes and rivers, inadequate groundwater sources (inaccessible in most cases due to the hard granite bedrock found in most areas in the territory), a high population density, and extreme seasonable variations in rainfall. Thus about 70 percent of water demand is met by importing water from the Dongjiang River in neighbouring Guangdong province. In addition, freshwater demand is curtailed by the use of seawater for toilet flushing, using a separate distribution system.^[197]

Demographics

Predefinição:Main article

St. John's Cathedral, Anglican cathedral in Hong Kong, the oldest church building in Hong Kong

The Big Buddha, on Lantau Island, Hong Kong

The Wong Tai Sin Temple

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Catholic cathedral in Hong Kong

The territory's population in mid-2015 was 7.3 million,^[198] with an average annual growth rate of 0.8% over the previous five years.^[6][199] The current population of Hong Kong comprises 91% ethnic Chinese.^{[6][200][201]} 3 million British nationals form nearly half of the territory's inhabitants.^[202] A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonese-speaking majority originated from the neighbouring Guangdong province,^[203] from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the communist rule in China.^{[204][205][206][207]}

Residents of the Mainland do not automatically receive the Right of Abode, and many may not enter the territory freely. Like other non-natives, they may apply for the Right of Abode after seven years of continuous residency. Some of the rights may also be acquired by marriage (e.g., the right to work), but these do not include the right to vote or stand for office.^[208] However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit".^[209] Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.2 years for males and 86.9 years for females Desde 2014^[update], making it the highest life expectancy in the world.^[169][210]

About 91% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent,^{[6][200][201]} the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province.^[203] The remaining 6.9% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese.^[6] There is a South Asian population of Indians and Pakistanis; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector.^{[note 9]} In 2011, 133,377 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and 132,935 from the Philippines were working in Hong Kong.^[214]

Languages

Predefinição:Main article

Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong.^[215] According to the 2016 by-census, Cantonese is spoken by 94.6% of the Hong Kong population; 88.9 percent as a first language and 5.7% as a second language.^[216] English is also an official language, and according to the 2016 by-census is spoken by 53.2% of the population; 4.3 percent as a first language and 48.9 percent as a second language.^[217] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from mainland China and greater interaction with the mainland's economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.^[218] According to the 2016 by-census, Mandarin is spoken by 48.6% of the population; 1.9 percent as a first language and 46.7 percent as a second language.^[219]

Religion

Predefinição:Main article Hong Kong is a multi-faith society. A majority of residents of Hong Kong have no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism.^[220] According to the United States Department of State 43 percent of the population practises some form of religion.^[221] According to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion.^[222][223]

In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum.^[224][225]

Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists.^[221] A Christian community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of the total population;^[226] Protestants outnumber Roman Catholics by a ratio of 4:3, and smaller Christian communities also exist, including the Latter-day Saints^[227] and Jehovah's Witnesses.^[228] The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities.^[229] The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.^[230]

Personal income

Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the largest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards".^[231][232] However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.^[233][234]

Education

Predefinição:Main article

University of Hong Kong

Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England,^[235] although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction" (chinês tradicional: 母語教學) in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese,^[236] with written Chinese and English, while some of the schools (international schools) are using English as the teaching language. In secondary schools, 'biliterate and trilingual' proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing.^[237] The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.^[238]

Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations.^[239] The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education.^[240][241] Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.^[242]

Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.^[241]

There are eight public and one private universities in Hong Kong, the oldest being the University of Hong Kong (HKU), established in 1910–1912.^[243] The Chinese University of Hong Kong was founded in 1963 to fulfill the need for a university with a medium of instruction of Chinese.^[244] Competition among students to receive an offer for an undergraduate programme is fierce as the annual number of intakes is limited, especially when some disciplines are offered by select tertiary institutions, like medicine which is provided by merely two medical schools in the territory, the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In addition to the public post-secondary institutions there are also a number of private higher institutions which offer higher diplomas and associate degree courses for those who fail to enter a college for a degree study so as to boost their qualification of education, some of whom can have a second chance of getting into a university if they have a good performance in these sub-degree courses.^[245][246]

Health

Predefinição:Main article There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.^[247] There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.^[248] The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.^[249] According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancies of any country or territory in the world.^[27] Desde 2012^[update], Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.^[28]

There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.^[250][251] Both have links with public sector hospitals.^[250][252] With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.

Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private. This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.^[253]

Culture

Ver artigo principal: Culture of Hong Kong

Ver também: Lingnan culture

Ver também: Cinema of Hong Kong

Ocean Park Hong Kong, a marine mammal park, oceanarium, animal theme park and amusement park in Hong Kong.

A statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's martial arts

Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese (mainly Cantonese) roots with Western (mainly British) influences from its time as a British colony.^[254] Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.^[255] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits,^[256] and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it,^[257] due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese.^[258] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.^[259]

Hong Kong is a recognized global centre of trade and calls itself an "entertainment hub".^[260] Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.^[260] Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.^[261]

The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.^[262][263]

Hong Kong had two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB, the former of which has now been defunct. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.^[264] The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Cantonese-speaking population. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.^[265] The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review pointed to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.^[266]

Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.^[267] There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.^[268]

Sports

Predefinição:Main article

The Hong Kong Sevens is considered the premier tournament on the IRB Sevens World Series rugby sevens competition and is held annually in Hong Kong on a weekend in late March.

Sports in Hong Kong are a significant part of its culture. Due mainly to British influence going as far back as the late 19th century, Hong Kong had an earlier introduction to Western athletics compared to other Asia regions. Football, cricket, basketball, swimming, badminton, table tennis, cycling and running have the most participants and spectators. In 2009, Hong Kong successfully organised the V East Asian Games. Other major international sporting events including the Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, AFC Asian Cup, EAFF East Asian Cup, Hong Kong Tennis Classic, Premier League Asia Trophy, and Lunar New Year Cup are also held in the territory. Desde 2010^[update], there were 32 Hong Kong athletes from seven sports ranking in world's Top 20, 29 athletes in six sports in Asia top 10 ranking. Moreover, Hong Kong athletes with disabilities are equally impressive in their performance Desde 2009^[update], having won four world championships and two Asian Championships.^[269]

Architecture

Predefinição:Main article

Ver também: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong

According to Emporis, there are 1,223 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.^[270] It has more buildings taller than 500 pés (150 m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1,3 km (0,81 mi),^[271] much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong.^[272] More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.^[273][274]

As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1 600 pé) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement.^[275] The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1 400 pé) high.^[276] Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.^[277] Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,^[278] with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.^[279][280] Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.^{[281][282][283]}

There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings,^[284] waterfront redevelopment in Central,^[285] and a series of projects in West Kowloon.^[286] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.^[287] The Urban Renewal Authority is highly active in demolishing older areas, including the razing and redevelopment of Kwun Tong town centre, an approach which has been criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city and on lower-income residents.

Cityscape

City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island and the Hong Kong Skyline

A panoramic view of the Hong Kong Island skyline at night, taken from Tsim Sha Tsui

View from the highest mountain of Kowloon overlooking Victoria Harbour and Hongkong Island

See also

• Portal de Hong Kong
• Portal da China

• Index of articles related to Hong Kong
• Youth in Hong Kong
• List of heads of Hong Kong by education

Notes

References

Citations

1. Basic Law – Anthem
2. «Hong Kong – the Facts». GovHK. Consultado em 6 January 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
3. «OFFICIAL LANGUAGES DIVISION». Civil Service Bureau. Consultado em 6 January 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
4. «Disclaimer and Copyright Notice». The Legislative Council Commission. 12 December 2015 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
5. The Committee Office, House of Commons. «House of Commons - Foreign Affairs - Fifth Report». Parliament of the United Kingdom. Consultado em 26 February 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
6. 2011 Population Census – Summary Results (PDF) (Relatório). Census and Statistics Department. February 2012. Consultado em 5 September 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
7. "Maps and Services" Survey and Mapping Office
8. «HK Population for 2016». Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong). 27 Feb 2017 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
9. «Hong Kong». International Monetary Fund. Consultado em 4 June 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
10. «Basic Law Bulletin Issue No. 2» (PDF). Department of Justice, HKSAR
11. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 4». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
12. Russell, Peter H.; O'Brien, David M. (2001). Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy: Critical Perspectives from around the World. [S.l.]: University of Virginia Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8139-2016-0
13. «Basic Law Full Text – chapter (2)»
14. «Basic Law Full Text – chapter (7)»
17. «The Global Financial Centres Index 16» (PDF). Long Finance. September 2014. Consultado em 10 December 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
18. «The IMD World Competitiveness Scoreboard» (PDF). CNN. 25 May 2016. Consultado em 6 June 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
19. "Trading and Logistics Industry" in The 2017–18 Budget
20. «Triennial Central Bank Survey: Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016» (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. Monetary and Economic Department: 5. September 2016. Consultado em 3 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
21. «World's most visited cities: Hong Kong top, London second, Rio climbs but Kiev falls». The Independent. 29 January 2016. Consultado em 6 June 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
22. «Irresistible cities: World's 25 top tourism destinations». CNN. 30 January 2016. Consultado em 6 June 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
23. «Hong Kong Economy: Population, Facts, GDP, Business, Trade, Inflation». www.heritage.org. Consultado em 22 May 2015 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
24. «The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency»
25. Ash, Russell (2006). The Top 10 of Everything 2007. [S.l.]: Hamlyn. p. 78. ISBN 0-600-61532-4
26. Hong Kong Facts, The skyscraper Center. Viewed on 4 August 2017.
27. «Life Expectancy Around the World». LiveScience. 1 August 2012 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
28. «Longest Life Expectancy In World: Women In Hong Kong Now Outlast Japan». Huffington Post. 26 July 2012 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
29. «Public Transport Introduction». Transport Department, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 13 July 2008. Cópia arquivada em 7 July 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
30. Lam, William H. K.; Bell, Michael G. H. (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. [S.l.]: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-08-044206-8
31. «Pollution Index 2015». Numbeo. 2015. Consultado em 29 April 2015 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
32. «Health Effects of Air Pollution in Hong Kong». Consultado em 7 October 2014. Arquivado do original em 30 June 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
33. Zhen Yu, Jian; Huang, Hilda; Ng, Wai Man. «Final Report for Provision of Service for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Sample Chemical Analysis» (PDF)
34. Fairbank, John King (1953). Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 2nd ed. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. pp. 123–128. ISBN 978-0-8047-0648-3
37. Room, Adrian (2005). Placenames of the World. [S.l.]: McFarland & Company. p. 168. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. Consultado em 1 September 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
38. Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel (1997). China's Imperial Way. [S.l.]: China Books and Periodicals. p. 218. ISBN 962-217-511-2. Consultado em 1 September 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
39. So, Man-hing. «The Origin of the Name Hong Kong» (PDF). Consultado em 3 January 2016. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 1 February 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
40. Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Cream (2008). «A System without a System: Cantonese Romanization Used in Hong Kong Place and Personal Names». Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics: 94
41. Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926
42. «GovHK: Residents». Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 29 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
43. «The Trial Excavation at the Archaeological Site of Wong Tei Tung, Sham Chung, Hong Kong SAR». Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. Consultado em 21 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 3 March 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
44. 港現舊石器製造場 嶺南或為我發源地 [Paleolithic site appears in Hong Kong, Lingnan perhaps discovered our birthplace]. People's Daily (em Chinese). 17 February 2006. Consultado em 21 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
45. Tang, Chung (2005). 考古與香港尋根 [Archaeologist help find Hong Kong's Roots]. New Asia College. New Asia Monthly (em Chinese). 32 (6): 6–8 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda); |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
46. Li, Hui (2002). 百越遺傳結構的一元二分跡象 [The genetic structure of Baiyue divide in half]. Guangxi Ethnic Group Research (em Chinese). 70 (4): 26–31. Arquivado do original|arquivourl= requer |url= (ajuda) em 1 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda); |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
47. «2005 Field Archaeology on Sham Chung Site». Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. Consultado em 21 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 3 March 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
48. «Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – New Territories». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Consultado em 21 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
49. «Characteristic Culture». Invest Nanhai. Consultado em 26 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)^{[ligação inativa]}
50. Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. «地理誌» [Treatise on geography]. Book of Han (em Chinese). Volume 28. [S.l.: s.n.] Consultado em 26 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
51. Peng, Quanmin (2001). 從考古材料看漢代深港社會 [Archaeological material from the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Society of Han]. Relics From South (em Chinese). Consultado em 26 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
52. Keat, Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 932. ISBN 1-57607-770-5. Consultado em 1 September 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
53. «Archaeological Background». Hong Kong Government. Hong Kong Yearbook. 21. 2005. Consultado em 27 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
54. Siu Kwok-kin. 唐代及五代時期屯門在軍事及中外交通上的重要性 [The importance of Tuen Mun during Tang and Five Dynasties period for foreign traffic and military]. Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. From Sui to Ming (em Chinese): 40–45. Consultado em 29 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 29 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
55. Sweeting, Anthony (1990). Education in Hong Kong, Pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and Opinion. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 93. ISBN 962-209-258-6
56. Barber, Nicola (2004). Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Gareth Stevens. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8368-5198-4
57. Porter, Jonathan (1996). Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. [S.l.]: Westview Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8133-2836-2
58. Edmonds, Richard L. (2002). China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-52403-2
59. Von Glahn, Richard (1996). Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700. [S.l.]: University of California Press. p. 116 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |p= (ajuda)
60. Hayes, James (1974). «The Hong Kong Region: Its Place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events Since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573» (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 14: 108–135. Consultado em 25 April 2015 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
61. «Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials» (PDF). Hong Kong Museum of History. Consultado em 30 August 2010. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 18 April 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
62. Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9
63. Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1
64. John Thomson 1837–1921,Chap on Hong Kong, Illustrations of China and Its People (London,1873–1874)
65. Info Gov HK. "Hong Kong Gov Info Arquivado em 6 julho 2006 no Wayback Machine." History of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 16 February 2007. Arquivado em 6 julho 2006 no Wayback Machine
66. Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong. Volume II: 1901–1945 5th ed. [S.l.]: FormAsia Books. p. 148. ISBN 962-7283-13-4
67. «History of Hong Kong». Global Times. 6 July 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 23 July 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
68. Scott, Ian (1989). Political change and the crisis of legitimacy in Hong Kong. [S.l.]: University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-1269-0
69. Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992). "Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history". Hong Kong University Press. p.8. ISBN 962-209-287-X
70. Brief Information on Proposed Grade I Items, pp. 53–54 Arquivado em 13 outubro 2012 no Wayback Machine
71. L, Klemen (1999–2000). «Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 7 December 1941 – 11 December 1941». Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Arquivado do original em 15 October 2015 Verifique data em: |arquivodata= (ajuda)
72. L, Klemen (1999–2000). «Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 25 December 1941 – 31 December 1941». Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Arquivado do original em 11 January 2012 Verifique data em: |arquivodata= (ajuda)
73. Bradsher, Keith (17 April 2005). «Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong». The New York Times. Consultado em 20 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
74. Moore, Lynden (1985). The growth and structure of international trade since the Second World War. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-521-46979-1. Consultado em 1 September 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
75. Forsyth, Neil, dir. Underground Pride. Mass Transit Railway Corporation, 1990. Film. 21 November 2013
76. Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). Hong Kong, China: Growth, Structural Change, and Economic Stability During the Transition. [S.l.]: International Monetary Fund. p. 54. ISBN 1-55775-672-4
77. «Links between SARS, human genes discovered». People's Daily. 16 January 2004. Consultado em 1 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
78. Lee, S. H. (2006). SARS in China and Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Nova Publishers. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-1-59454-678-5
79. «Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003». World Health Organization. 31 December 2003. Consultado em 4 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
80. 疫情衝擊香港經濟損失巨大 [The impact of economic losses in the great epidemic] (em Chinese). BBC News. 28 May 2003. Consultado em 24 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
81. Yau, Cannix (11 March 2005). «Tung's gone. What next?». The Standard. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 22 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
82. «Donald Tsang wins Chief Executive election». Hong Kong Government. 25 March 2007. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Cópia arquivada em 26 May 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
83. «Chinese Taipei Wins God Medal in Men's 400-Meter Relay». Kuomintang. 14 December 2009. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 13 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
84. «White paper on Hong Kong». BBC. Consultado em 10 June 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
85. «British parliamentary group unlawfully refused entry to Hong Kong». The Guardian. Consultado em 30 November 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
86. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2 January 2008). «Hong Kong politics: China sets reform timetable». The Economist. Consultado em 6 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
87. «Disappearance of 5 Tied to Publisher Prompts Broader Worries in Hong Kong». New York Times. Consultado em 4 January 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
88. «Hong Kong ban on pro-independence candidates sparks backlash». Financial Times. Consultado em 31 July 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
89. «Chow Wing-kan pulls out of Legco race amid threat» (em inglês). 26 August 2016. Consultado em 26 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
90. Trouble Down South: Why Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese Aren't Getting Along Ko, Vanessa. TIME, 24 June 2012.
91. «巿民的身份認同感 People's Ethnic Identity»
92. «Basic Law, Chapter VIII». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
93. Chen, Wenmin; Fu, H. L.; Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Hong Kong's Constitutional Debate: Conflict Over Interpretation. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-962-209-509-0
94. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 6». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
95. «Civil Service» (PDF). Information Services Department, Hong Kong Government. June 2009. Consultado em 6 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
96. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 3». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
97. Madden, Frederick (2000). The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948. Part 1: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falklands. Volume VIII: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing. pp. 188–196. ISBN 978-0-313-29072-5
98. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 1». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
99. Burns, John P. (2004). Government Capacity and the Hong Kong Civil Service. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-590597-7
100. «Basic Law, Chapter II». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
101. «Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue». Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. 10 May 1999. Consultado em 20 January 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
102. Ming, Sing (August 2006). «The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong». Informa. Journal of Contemporary China. 15 (48): 517–532. doi:10.1080/10670560600736558 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
103. Balfour, Frederik; Lui, Marco (25 June 2010). «Hong Kong Lawmakers Approve Tsang's Election Plan». Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Consultado em 6 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
104. «Public Consultation on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the Legislative Council in 2012» (PDF). Hong Kong Government. 11 June 2010. Consultado em 5 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
105. «Hopes for full democracy in Hong Kong dealt blow by Beijing». Hong Kong Herald. 31 August 2014. Consultado em 1 September 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
106. «The Legal System in Hong Kong». Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 20 September 2008. Arquivado do original em 13 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
107. Ash, Robert F. (2003). Hong Kong in Transition: One Country, Two Systems. Volume 11: RoutledgeCurzon Studies in the Modern History of Asia. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. pp. 161–188. ISBN 978-0-415-29954-1
108. «Introduction». Hong Kong Judiciary. Consultado em 20 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
109. Gaylord, Mark S.; Gittings, Danny; Traver, Harold (2009). Introduction to Crime, Law and Justice in Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-962-209-978-4
110. «Archived copy» (PDF). Consultado em 20 July 2013. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 16 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
111. «Basic Law Bulletin Issue No. 10 Part 3» (PDF). Consultado em 14 May 2014. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 4 December 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
112. «About Us: Organisation chart of the Secretary for Justice's Office». Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 5 September 2008. Arquivado do original em 4 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
113. «Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 2». Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
114. Weisenhaus, Doreen; Cottrell, Jill; Yan, Mei Ning (2007). Hong Kong Media Law: A Guide for Journalists and Media Professionals. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-962-209-808-4
115. Article 151, Hong Kong Basic Law
116. Chapter 1, Hong Kong Year Book 2011
117. Christopher J. Marut Appointed as Director of the Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan^{[ligação inativa]}, American Institute in Taiwan, 8 May 2012
118. Commons, The Committee Office, House of. «House of Commons – The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration – Foreign Affairs»
119. «Political rights increased after handover: ExpertsHK – China Daily Asia». Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
120. «2008 Human Rights Report: China (Hong Kong)». US Department of State. Consultado em 2 March 2010. Cópia arquivada em 23 January 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
121. «Same-Sex Marriage / Civil partnership». FamilyCLIC.hk. Consultado em 25 September 2015 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
122. «Country Report 2009». Freedom House. Consultado em 14 December 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
123. «Protest against HK rail link». The Straits Times. 17 January 2010. Consultado em 6 April 2010. Arquivado do original em 24 July 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
124. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr03-04/english/counmtg/hansard/cm0428ti-translate-e.pdf
125. Yahoo Arquivado em 4 junho 2011 na Archive.today
126. «Sexual Orientation and Human Rights in Hong Kong». Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. Consultado em 2 March 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
127. Barme, Geremie R.; Ye, Sang (1 February 1996). «The Great Firewall of China». Wired.com. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
128. «The Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014 and Hong Kong's Freedoms» (em inglês). 9 December 2015. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
129. «Controversial 'Internet Article 23' may pass despite pan-dem opposition». Hong Kong Free Press. 4 December 2015. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
130. «Hong Kong– The Facts: District Administration» (PDF). Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 31 August 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
131. «Mission». Home Affairs Department, Hong Kong Government. 30 June 2009. Consultado em 10 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
132. Rioni, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. [S.l.]: Nova Publishers. pp. 154–163. ISBN 978-1-59033-237-5
133. «Mystery surrounds new Hong Kong army cadet force inaugurated at PLA base». SCMP Hong Kong. 15 January 2015 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
135. «Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2015». Planning Data. Planning Department. Consultado em 11 October 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
136. Morton, Brian; Harper, Elizabeth (1995). An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9789622093881
137. «2006 Population By-census» (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 13 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
138. «Tai Mo Shan Country Park». Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Government. 17 March 2006. Consultado em 8 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 3 September 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
139. «Hong Kong». Olympic Council of Asia. Consultado em 14 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 18 August 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
140. «Geopark leaflet» (PDF). Consultado em 26 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
141. «Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city». Hong Kong Trade Development Council. November 2001. Consultado em 17 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
142. «HK harbour reclamation reprieve». BBC News. 9 January 2004. Consultado em 4 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
143. Bradsher, Keith (5 November 2006). «Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote». The New York Times. Consultado em 1 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
144. «Climate of Hong Kong». Hong Kong Observatory. 4 May 2003. Consultado em 2 August 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
145. «Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition». Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 27 February 2008. Consultado em 7 May 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
148. http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/awsYearlyExtract_uc.htm?stn=WGL
149. «Hong Kong – Climate data». Weather Atlas. Consultado em 28 March 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
150. Coispeau, Olivier (10 August 2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium (em inglês). [S.l.]: World Scientific. ISBN 9789813108844 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
151. Bromma, Hubert (2007). How to Invest in Offshore Real Estate and Pay Little Or No Taxes. [S.l.]: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-07-147009-4
152. «Annual Statistics» (em inglês). World Federation of Exchanges. 2016. Consultado em 3 de julho de 2017. Cópia arquivada em 3 de julho de 2017
153. «Hong Kong IPOs May Raise Record $48 Billion in 2010, E&Y Says». Bloomberg L.P. 21 December 2009. Consultado em 17 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
154. «The Global Financial Centres Index 21» (PDF). Long Finance. March 2017 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
155. Hong Kong's Linked Exchange Rate System (PDF). [S.l.]: Hong Kong Monetary Authority. p. 33. Consultado em 6 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
156. «End of an experiment». The Economist. 15 July 2010. Consultado em 5 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
157. «Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year». Government of Hong Kong. 12 January 2012. Consultado em 28 May 2012 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
158. «2008 Index of Economic Freedom». The Heritage Foundation. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 1 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda) ^{[necessário esclarecer]}
159. «Top 10 Countries». The Heritage Foundation. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 24 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
160. Preston, Peter Wallace; Haacke, Jürgen (2003). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN 978-0-7007-1637-1
161. Yeung, Rikkie (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0
162. «The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary» (PDF). City of London. March 2007. p. 6. Consultado em 12 April 2007. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 14 June 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
163. A Tale Of Three Cities，Time, 17 January 2008
164. «About Hong Kong». Hong Kong government. April 2006. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 19 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
165. «The Panama Canal: A plan to unlock prosperity». The Economist. 3 December 2009. Consultado em 4 December 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
166. Dhungana, Gita (29 December 2006). «Growth in exports defies predictions». The Standard. Consultado em 4 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
167. Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, Hong Kong Government, March 2008
168. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009: Addressing Triple Threats to Development. [S.l.]: United Nations Publications. 2009. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-92-1-120577-0
169. «Hong Kong». The World Factbook. CIA. 23 August 2010. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 14 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
170. Kong, Daniel (8 August 2013). «Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow?». Modern Farmer. Consultado em 26 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
171. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2015 Edition(Press release). UNWTO. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
172. «Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009». Mercer. 29 June 2010. Consultado em 25 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 25 July 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
173. «Global Wealth Continues Its Strong Recovery with $9 Trillion Gain, but Pressures on Wealth Managers Persist, Says Study by The Boston Consulting Group» (Nota de imprensa). Finance Twitter. 31 May 2011 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
174. «The 15 most billionaire-dense countries»
175. «Explore Economies». World Bank. 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
176. «World News, Politics, Economics, Business & Finance». The Economist
177. Tsang, Donald (18 September 2006). «Big Market, Small Government» (Nota de imprensa). Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 6 October 2010. Arquivado do original em 5 December 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
178. «Hong Kong's Export Outlook for 2008: Maintaining Competitiveness through Supply Chain Management». Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 6 December 2007. Consultado em 30 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
179. «HKDF –Has Hong Kong Lost its Competitiveness?». Hong Kong Democratic Foundation. Consultado em 14 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)^{[ligação inativa]}
180. «Octopus Card Information». Octopus Cards Limited. Consultado em 10 December 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
181. Poon, Simpson; Chau, Patrick (February 2001). «Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong». Informa. Electronic Markets. 11 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1080/101967801300197016 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
182. «Press Release: Government has reached understanding with MTRCL on the terms for merging the MTR and KCR systems». Hong Kong Government. 11 April 2006. Consultado em 17 November 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
183. «Tourist Information». Mass Transit Railway. Consultado em 29 April 2008. Arquivado do original em 16 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
184. «The Company». Hong Kong Tramways. Consultado em 29 April 2008. Cópia arquivada em 10 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
185. Cullinane, S. (January 2002). «The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong». Transport Policy. 9 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
186. Ng, Tze-wei (10 November 2006). «Not even HK's storied Star Ferry can face down developers». International Herald Tribune. Consultado em 1 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 24 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
187. «Ferry is amongst the world's best». BBC News. 19 October 2004. Consultado em 29 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
188. Fitzpatrick, Liam. «Hong Kong: 10 Things to Do in 24 Hours». Time. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
189. Cushman, Jennifer Wayne (1993). Fields from the sea: Chinese junk trade with Siam during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. [S.l.]: SEAP Publications. p. 57. ISBN 0-87727-711-7
190. «HIT:: Hongkong International Terminals». Consultado em 22 February 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
191. Thomson, John (1873). Illustrations of China and Its People. [S.l.]: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle. p. 96
192. Cavaliero, Eric (24 July 1997). «Grand old lady to turn 110». The Standard. Consultado em 1 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 22 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
193. Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). «Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven». The New York Times. Consultado em 22 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
194. «About Us». Hong Kong International Airport. Consultado em 28 April 2008. Cópia arquivada em 21 August 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
195. «International travellers have voted Hong Kong the best airport in the world». Skytrax. 8 August 2007. Consultado em 28 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
196. «Air Cargo and Aviation Logistic Services» (PDF). Hong Kong International Airport. p. 1. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)^{[ligação inativa]}
197. Lee, N. K. (2013). «The Changing Nature of Border, Scale and the Production of Hong Kong's Water Supply System since 1959». International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12060
198. «Population – Overview – Census and Statistics Department»
199. «Table 003 : Population Growth by Component – Census and Statistics Department»
200. «GovHK: Hong Kong – the Facts». www.gov.hk. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
201. «Hong Kong Demographics Profile 2014». www.indexmundi.com. Consultado em 19 August 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
202. The Committee Office, House of Commons. «House of Commons - Foreign Affairs - Fifth Report». Parliament of the United Kingdom. Consultado em 26 February 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
203. Fan Shuh Ching (1974). «The Population of Hong Kong» (PDF). Committee for International Coordination of National Research in Demography. World Population Year: 18–20. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
204. «A history of refugees in Hong Kong». Time Out Hong Kong. 18 June 2013. Consultado em 9 September 2013. The first wave of refugees came to Hong Kong in the 1930s to escape from the Chinese Civil War and the Sino-Japanese War, but it wasn't until 1949, during the Chinese exodus, when an estimated one million mainland Chinese started coming into the territory via the northern borders. Many people, mostly anti-communist Kuomintang officials and capitalists, rushed to Hong Kong in search of refuge. Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
205. Lonely Planet Hong Kong 10th ed. [S.l.]: Lonely Planet. 2002. p. 16. ISBN 1-86450-230-4. The turmoil on the mainland, leading to the defeat of the Nationalists and takeover by the Communists in 1949, unleashed a torrent of refugees – both rich and poor -into Hong Kong.
206. «Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories». South China Morning Post. Consultado em 9 September 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
207. Carroll, John (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7425-3422-3
208. «Right of Abode in HKSAR—Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card». Immigration Department, Hong Kong Government. 5 June 2007. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Cópia arquivada em 19 January 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
209. «Who is entitled to sponsor family members to come to live in Hong Kong? If I am a lawful resident of Hong Kong, can my family members in the Mainland (or elsewhere) apply to immigrate to Hong Kong?». Community Legal Information Centre. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
210. «Centre for Health Protection - Life Expectancy at Birth (Male and Female), 1971 - 2015»
211. «Census Result - 2011 Hong Kong Population Census»
212. «Population by Ethnicity and District Council District, 2011 (A205)»
213. «Counting Expat Numbers a Complex Task (Hong Kong)». Global Auto Industry. July 2008. Consultado em 30 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
214. International Labour Office (2009). Application of International Labour Standards 2009 (I). [S.l.]: International Labour Organization. p. 640. ISBN 92-2-120634-3
215. Westra, Nick (5 June 2007). «Hong Kong as a Cantonese speaking city». Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 14 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
216. «Main Tables - Proportion of Population Aged 5 and Over by Able to Speak Selected Languages/ Dialects and Year». 2016 Population By-Census. Consultado em 1 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
217. «Main Tables - Proportion of Population Aged 5 and Over by Able to Speak Selected Languages/ Dialects and Year». 2016 Population By-Census. Consultado em 1 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
218. Yum, Cherry (2007). «Which Chinese? Dialect Choice in Philadelphia's Chinatown» (PDF). Haverford College. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
219. «Main Tables - Proportion of Population Aged 5 and Over by Able to Speak Selected Languages/ Dialects and Year». 2016 Population By-Census. Consultado em 1 July 2017 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
220. «Hong Kong». Bmm.org. 1 July 1997. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
221. «China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)». State.gov. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
222. Carballo, Marita. «RELIGION IN THE WORLD AT THE END OF THE MILLENNIUM». Gallup International Association. Consultado em 11 May 2012. Cópia arquivada em 20 July 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
223. «Apostasy». Countdown.org. Consultado em 2 November 2011. Arquivado do original em 25 July 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
224. «Evolution wins out in Hong Kong curriculum dispute». Nature.com. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
225. «Victory for Darwin – Creationism rejected in new guidelines on the biology curriculum | 香港獨立媒體». Inmediahk.net. Consultado em 2 November 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
226. «Hong Kong Year Book (2010): Chapter 18 – Religion and Custom» (PDF). Consultado em 26 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
227. «Hong Kong China Temple». The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Consultado em 30 September 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
228. 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. [S.l.]: Watch Tower Society. p. 184
229. «International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Hong Kong». United States Department of State. 2007. Consultado em 16 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
230. «International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – Hong Kong». United States Department of State. 2006. Consultado em 6 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
231. Piboontanasawat, Nipa (23 October 2008). «Hong Kong Has Highest Income Disparity in Asia, UN Report Says». Bloomberg. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
232. «State of the World's Cities 2008/2009» (PDF) (Nota de imprensa). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2009. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
233. «Subcommittee to Study the Subject of Combating Poverty» (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 23 June 2005. Consultado em 30 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
234. «Policies in Assisting Low-income Employees» (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Commission on Poverty. 23 January 2006. Consultado em 30 August 2010. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 1 May 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
235. Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3
236. 母語教學小冊子 [Mother Tongue Instruction Handbook] (em Chinese). Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 4 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 9 February 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
237. «Policy for Secondary Schools -Medium of Instruction Policy for Secondary Schools». Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 4 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 11 January 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
238. «PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World». Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. Consultado em 14 December 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
239. «Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary Education». Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 1 February 2008. Arquivado do original em 30 December 2007 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
240. «Programme Highlights». Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 20 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
241. Li, Arthur (18 May 2005). «Creating a better education system». Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 17 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 3 March 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
242. «HKDSE». Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. 12 October 2010. Consultado em 20 October 2010. Arquivado do original em 16 October 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
243. «History of HKU»
244. «Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong». Minerva. 1 (4): 493–507. Summer 1963. Consultado em 30 April 2014 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
245. Tan, Hwee Ann (5 June 2013). «Hong Kong Says International Schools Can't Meet Primary Demand». Bloomberg Businessweek. Consultado em 9 June 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
246. Hsu, Cathy (12 November 2012). Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 139–142. ISBN 978-1-136-44847-8 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
247. «Clusters, Hospitals & Institutions». Hospital Authority. Consultado em 9 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
248. «Health & safety». Lonely Planet. Consultado em 10 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
249. «Private Hospitals in Hong Kong». The New Economy. Consultado em 9 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
250. «Milestones». Chinese University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 10 May 2013. Arquivado do original em 23 September 2012 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
251. «Education». University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 10 May 2013. Arquivado do original em 8 May 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
252. «Educational objectives». University of Hong Kong. Consultado em 10 May 2013. Arquivado do original em 24 October 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
253. LaFraniere, Sharon (22 February 2012). «Mainland Chinese Flock to Hong Kong to Give Birth». The New York Times. Consultado em 9 June 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
254. «24 hours in Hong Kong: Urban thrills where East meets West». CNN. 8 March 2009. Consultado em 27 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
255. «Feng shui used in 90% of RP businesses». Philippine Daily Inquirer. 17 February 2009. Consultado em 14 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
256. Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. [S.l.]: Sussex Academic Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-84519-172-6
257. Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-962-209-605-9
258. Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience. Volume 1. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-962-209-787-2
259. Stone, Andrew; Chow, Chung Wah; Ho, Reggie (15 January 2008). Hong Kong and Macau. [S.l.]: Lonely Planet. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-74104-665-6 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
260. «Hong Kong calls itself Asia's entertainment hub». Monsters and Critics. 23 March 2007 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
261. Corliss, Richard (24 September 2001). «Hong Kong music circles the globe with its easy-listening hits and stars». Time. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
262. «General Information». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 15 October 2009. Consultado em 31 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 16 November 2004 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
263. «About the Museum». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 25 May 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010. Arquivado do original em 20 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
264. «Broadcasting: Licences». Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
265. Li, Jinquan (2002). Global Media Spectacle: News War Over Hong Kong. [S.l.]: State University of New York Press. pp. 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7914-5472-5
266. Walker, Christopher; Cook, Sarah (12 October 2009). «China's Export of Censorship». Far Eastern Economic Review. Consultado em 4 November 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
267. «Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Venue (Beas River & Shatin)». Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Consultado em 4 November 2009. Arquivado do original em 9 August 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
268. Macdonald, Phil (2006). National Geographic Traveler: Hong Kong 2nd ed. [S.l.]: National Geographic Society. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7922-5369-3
269. «Legislative Council Panel on Home Affairs Sports Development Policy and Objectives» (PDF). Home Affairs Bureau. October 2010. Consultado em 8 June 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
270. «Cities with the most skyscrapers». Emporis. Consultado em 14 June 2012 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
271. Tong, C. O.; Wong, S. C. (August 1997). «The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development». Transportation. 24 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1023/A:1004987422746 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
272. «World's Tallest Residential Towers». Emporis. Consultado em 24 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
273. «Vertical Cities: Hong Kong/New York.». Time Out. 3 August 2008. Consultado em 25 August 2010. Cópia arquivada em 16 January 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
274. «Home page». Skyscraper Museum. 14 July 2008. Consultado em 25 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
275. «International Commerce Centre». Emporis. Consultado em 2 September 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
276. «Two International Finance Centre». Emporis. Consultado em 24 May 2009 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
277. «Emporis Skyline Ranking». Emporis. Consultado em 24 May 2009. Arquivado do original em 4 June 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
278. «The world's top 20 city skylines, CNNGo.com». Consultado em 1 March 2011 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
279. «Best Skyline Poll». Consultado em 8 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
280. Gramsbergen, Egbert; Paul Kazmierczak. «The World's Best Skylines». Consultado em 8 February 2008. Arquivado do original em 4 February 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
281. «Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Hong Kong Island». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
282. «Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Kowloon Island». Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Consultado em 31 August 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
283. Sinn, Elizabeth (1990). «Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History» (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27: 30–31. Consultado em 20 June 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 17 May 2016 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
284. «Tamar Development Project». Hong Kong Government. 23 April 2010. Consultado em 17 September 2010. Arquivado do original em 28 May 2010 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
285. «Central Waterfront Design Competition». Designing Hong Kong. Consultado em 26 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
286. «West Kowloon Cultural District Public Engagement Exercise». Home Affairs Bureau, Hong Kong Government. 26 August 2008. Consultado em 6 October 2010. Cópia arquivada em 11 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
287. «Kai Tak building height restrictions lifted». Hong Kong Government. 10 July 1998. Consultado em 26 April 2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)

Sources

• Bard, Solomon, ed. (2002). Voices from the Past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press
• Endacott, G. B. (1964). An Eastern Entrepot: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 293. ASIN B0007J07G6. OCLC 632495979
• Hanstedt, Paul (2012). Hong Konged: One Modern American Family's (Mis)adventures in the Gateway to China. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-4405-4073-8
• Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2

Further reading

• Barrett, Dean, Hangman's Point, Hong Kong & southern China in 1857, Village East Books, ISBN 0-9661899-1-4, 1998
• Callick, Rowan. Comrades & Capitalists: Hong Kong since the Handover (University of New South Wales Press, 1998) online
• Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8
• Lee, James. Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong (1999)
• Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8
• Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8
• Ngo, Tak-Wing (1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0
• Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0
• Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. [S.l.]: Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7

External links

Predefinição:Sister project links

• Hong Kong at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Hong Kong no The World Factbook
• Hong Kong from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Hong Kong
• Predefinição:OSM relation
• Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong from International Futures

Government

• GovHK Hong Kong SAR Government portal
• Discover Hong Kong – Official site of the Hong Kong Tourism Board

Trade

• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Hong Kong

Predefinição:Countries of Asia Predefinição:Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China

Predefinição:Good article

[[:Category:Hong Kong]] [[:Category:South China]] [[:Category:South China Sea]] [[:Category:Cities in China]] [[:Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[:Category:Chinese-speaking countries and territories]] [[:Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[:Category:Independent cities]] [[:Category:Metropolitan areas of China]] [[:Category:Pearl River Delta]] [[:Category:Populated coastal places in Hong Kong| ]] [[:Category:Populated places established in 1842]] [[:Category:Port cities and towns in China]] [[:Category:Special administrative regions of China]] [[:Category:States and territories established in 1997]] [[:Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[:Category:Chinese-speaking countries and territories]] [[:Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[:Category:Independent cities]] [[:Category:Metropolitan areas of China]] [[:Category:Pearl River Delta]] [[:Category:Populated coastal places in Hong Kong| ]] [[:Category:Populated places established in 1842]] [[:Category:Port cities and towns in China]] [[:Category:Special administrative regions of China]] [[:Category:States and territories established in 1997]]

1. While many not recognized by the People's Republic of China, 3 million British nationals form nearly half of the territory's inhabitants. See British nationality law and Hong Kong.^[5]
2. Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part: "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
3. Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part: "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China … will remain unchanged for 50 years."
4. The results of the 2011 census showed that the "white" population had increased from 36,384 in 2006 to 54,740 an increase of 50.4 percent.^{[207][208][209]}
5. While many not recognized by the People's Republic of China, 3 million British nationals form nearly half of the territory's inhabitants. See British nationality law and Hong Kong.^[5]
6. The identity of Hong Kong Permanent Resident can be of any nationality, Chinese, British, or others. A person not of Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than 7 years and has taken Hong Kong as his or her place of permanent residence are legally recognized as a Hongkonger. See "Right of Abode" of The Immigration Department of Hong Kong
7. Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part: "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
8. Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part: "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China … will remain unchanged for 50 years."
9. The results of the 2011 census showed that the "white" population had increased from 36,384 in 2006 to 54,740 an increase of 50.4 percent.^{[211][212][213]}