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The voiceless alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
- The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is s, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is
s
. The IPA symbol [s] is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants unless modified by a diacritic ([s̪] and [s̠] respectively). - The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be θ̠ or ɹ̝̊, or it can be [θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA. (Pandeli et al 1997)
The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
- The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is z, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is
z
. The IPA symbol [z] is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants unless modified by a diacritic ([z̪] and [z̠] respectively). - The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ð̠ or ɹ̝.
Voiced sibilants of the type [z] are familiar to most European speakers as the voiced counterpart of [[voiceless alveolar fricative|[s]]]. They are, however, cross-linguistically relatively uncommon compared to voiceless sibilants. Only about 28 percent of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85 percent of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa or Western Asia, so that in the eastern half of Asia, the Pacific and the Americas, [z] is a very rare (called "marked" in linguistic jargon) phoneme. The presence of [z] always implies a contrastive voiceless [s].
Nonsibilar alveolar fricatives are very rare, and almost always allophones of dental fricatives.