Gebruiker:Heinonlein/Kladblok/aller

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ART

↓ 53.469

Schrijfwedstrijd 2019

Artikel	Categorie	Voornaamste auteur(s)	Bytes	Revisie

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artikel	auteur	bytes	check
Regout (geslacht)	kleon3	176.560	ja
Rolspinnen	B kimmel	82.277	ja
Celkern	TheBartgry	62.630	ja
Toerisme in Suriname	Ymnes	93.584	ja
Schuilhoeve	Dqfn13	20.201
Alfredo Di Stéfano	TheTank	157.542	ja
De strijd tussen Vasten en Vastenavond	Henxter	46.580	ja
Bedreiging (Nederlands strafrecht)	Perudotes	39.836	ja
Aratos van Sikyon	Leonidas1206	50.405	ja
Huda Sha'arawi	Weerbarstig2012	67.230
Vanna Venturi House	TheNk22	46.544	ja
Mesopotamische Campagne	PrincepsMaximus	38.568
Leopold Joubert	Merijn Van de Pol	20.124
Lodewijk II van Loon	Paul Hermans	23.050
Jean Le Marois	JoDeNe1508	23.167
Digitale geesteswetenschappen	Geertivp	55.339	ja
Tränenpalast	Gewild	19.713
Cappella degli Scrovegni	Hugo DK	65.613	ja

Jacaranda mimosifolia 0 (en)

Japanse abrikoos 5.058 (en)

^[1]

Cultuuruitingen

Pruimenbloesem door Sun Long en Chen Lu

In oosterse schilderkunst is de Japanse abrikoos een geliefd onderwerp voor bloemschilderingen. De bloesem zijn de bloemen van de 'Drie Vrienden van de Winter' en worden bezien als de voorbode van de lente. Omdat de kleine bloemen onder barre omstandigheden hun schoonheid tonen dienen ze als een metafoor voor innerlijke schoonheid en een nederige instelling onder ongunstige omstandigheden.^[2] De Japanse abrikoos staat als een van de 'Vier Edellieden' bovendien symbool voor de kwaliteiten van een junzi of edelman, die in moreel en sociaal opzicht superieur zou zijn aan het gewone volk.^[3]

The blossoms are so beloved because they are viewed as blooming most vibrantly amidst the winter snow, exuding an ethereal elegance,^[1][4] while their fragrance is noticed to still subtly pervade the air at even the coldest times of the year.^[4][5] Therefore, the plum blossom came to symbolize perseverance and hope, as well as beauty, purity, and the transitoriness of life.^[1] In Confucianism, the plum blossom stands for the principles and values of virtue.^[6] More recently, it has also been used as a metaphor to symbolize revolutionary struggle since the turn of the 20th century.^[7]

Because it blossoms in the cold winter, the plum blossom is regarded as one of the "Three Friends of Winter", along with pine, and bamboo.^[8] The plum blossom is also regarded as one of the "Four Gentlemen" of flowers in Chinese art together with the orchid, chrysanthemum, and bamboo.^[8] It is one of the "Flowers of the Four Seasons", which consist of the orchid (spring), the lotus (summer), the chrysanthemum (autumn) and the plum blossom (winter).^[8] These groupings are seen repeatedly in the Chinese aesthetic of art, painting, literature, and garden design.^[9]

China

De bloesem van de Japanse abrikoos is een van de meest geliefde bloemen in China.

An example of the plum blossom's literary significance is found in the life and work of poet Lin Bu (林逋) of the Song dynasty (960–1279). For much of his later life, Lin Bu lived in quiet reclusion on a cottage by West Lake in Hangzhou, China.^[10] According to stories, he loved plum blossoms and cranes so much that he considered the plum blossom of Solitary Hill at West Lake as his wife and the cranes of the lake as his children, thus he could live peacefully in solitude.^[11][12] One of his most famous poems is "Little Plum Blossom of Hill Garden" (山園小梅). The original Chinese text as well as a translation follows:^[13]

眾芳搖落獨暄妍， 占斷風情向小園。 疏影橫斜水清淺， 暗香浮動月黃昏。 霜禽欲下先偷眼， 粉蝶如知合斷魂。 幸有微吟可相狎， 不須檀板共金樽。	When everything has faded they alone shine forth, encroaching on the charms of smaller gardens. Their scattered shadows fall lightly on clear water, their subtle scent pervades the moonlit dusk. Snowbirds look again before they land, butterflies would faint if they but knew. Thankfully I can flirt in whispered verse, I don't need a sounding board or winecup.

As with the literary culture amongst the educated of the time, Lin Bu's poems were discussed in several Song dynasty era commentaries on poetry. Wang Junqing remarked after quoting the third and fourth line: "This is from Lin Hejing's [Lin Bu's] plum blossom poem. Yet these lines might just as well be applied to the flowering apricot, peach, or pear."—a comparison of the flowers with the plum blossom to which the renowned Song dynasty poet Su Dongpo (蘇東坡) replied, "Well, yes, they might. But I'm afraid the flowers of those other trees wouldn't presume to accept such praise."^[5] Plum blossoms inspired many people of the era.^[14]

Princess Shouyang, who is prominently featured in a Chinese legend about plum blossoms

Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang (壽陽公主), daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song (劉宋武帝), was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^[15][16][17] The court ladies were said to be so impressed that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.^[15][16][18] This is also the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang^[16] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^[18][19] Princess Shouyang is celebrated as the goddess of the plum blossom in Chinese culture.^[16][17]

Song meiping

During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the garden designer Ji Cheng wrote his definitive garden architecture monograph Yuanye and in it he described the plum tree as the "beautiful woman of the forest and moon".^[14] The appreciation of nature at night plays an important role in Chinese gardens, for this reason there are classical pavilions for the tradition of viewing plum blossoms by the moonlight.^[20] The flowers are viewed and enjoyed by many as annual plum blossom festivals take place in the blooming seasons of the meihua. The festivals take place throughout China (for example, West Lake in Hangzhou and scenic spots near Zijin Mountain in Nanjing amongst other places).^[21][22] Plum blossoms are often used as decoration during the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) and remain popular in the miniature gardening plants of the art penjing.^[1] Branches of plum blossoms are often arranged in porcelain or ceramic vases, such as the meiping (literally "plum vase").^[23][24] These vases can hold single branches of plum blossoms and are traditionally used to display the blossoms in a home since the early Song dynasty (960–1279).^[25][26][27]

The Moy Yat lineage of Wing Chun kung fu uses a red plum flower blossom as its symbol. The plum blossoms are featured on one of the four flowers that appear on mahjong tile sets, where mei (梅) is usually simply translated as "plum" in English.^[28]

Taiwan

Plum blossoms pained on China Airlines aircraft tails.

The National Flower of the Republic of China (Taiwan) was officially designated as the plum blossom (Prunus Mei; (zh) ) by the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China on July 21, 1964.^[29] The plum blossom is symbol for resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity during the harsh winter.^[30][31] The triple grouping of stamens (three stamens per petal) on the national emblem represents Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, while the five petals symbolize the five branches of the government.^[29][31] It also serves as the logo of China Airlines, the national carrier of Taiwan (the Republic of China).^[32] The flower is featured on some New Taiwan dollar coins.^[33]

Korea

Goryeo maebyong

In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring.^[34] It is a popular flower motif, amongst other flowers, for Korean embroidery.^[35] Maebyong are plum vases derived from the Chinese meiping and are traditionally used to hold branches of plum blossoms in Korea.^[36][37]

Japan

Plum blossoms are often mentioned in Japanese poetry as a symbol of spring. When used in haiku or renga, they are a kigo or season word for early spring. The blossoms are associated with the Japanese bush warbler and depicted together on one of the twelve suits of hanafuda (Japanese playing cards).^[38] Plum blossoms were favored during the Nara period (710–794) until the emergence of the Heian period (794–1185) in which the cherry blossoms was preferred.^[39]

Japanese tradition holds that the ume functions as a protective charm against evil, so the ume is traditionally planted in the northeast of the garden, the direction from which evil is believed to come. The eating of the pickled fruit for breakfast is also supposed to stave off misfortune.^[40]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, due to the beauty of the tree and its flowers, the word mai is used to name girls. The largest hospital in Hanoi is named Bạch Mai (white plum blossom),^[41] another hospital in Hanoi is named Mai Hương ("the scent of plum"), situated in Hong Mai (pink plum blossom) street.^[42] Hoàng Mai (yellow plum blossom) is the name of a district in Hanoi. Bạch Mai is also a long and old street in Hanoi. All these places are located in the south part of Hanoi, where, in the past, many P. mume trees were grown.

Gele ridderzwam/Tricholoma equestre (en)

Gele ridderzwam
Taxonomische indeling
Rijk: Fungi (Schimmels) Stam: Basidiomycota Klasse: Agaricomycetes Onderklasse: Agaricomycetidae Orde: Agaricales Familie: Tricholomataceae Geslacht: Tricholoma
Soort
Tricholoma equestre
Portaal    Biologie Schimmels

De ' (') is een schimmel uit de stam der steeltjeszwammen (Basidiomycota).

Kenmerken

giftige paddenstoel
eetbare paddenstoel

paddenstoel
steel
hoed
lamellen

Het sporenafdruk is xxxxx gekleurd.

Deze paddenstoel kan door sommigen gegeten worden, maar is voor anderen dodelijk giftig. Het nog onbekende gif veroorzaakt een conditie genaamd rabdomyolyse.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

• Gerrit J. Keizer, Paddestoelen encyclopedie (Rebo Productions, 1997)

1. (en) Patricia Bjaaland Welch, Chinese art: a guide to motifs and visual imagery (2008, Tuttle Publishing), pp. 38-39
2. (en) China Online Museum: Plum Blossom Paintings
3. (en) China Online Museum: Paintings of the Four Gentlemen
4. The Three Friends of Winter: Paintings of Pine, Plum, and Bamboo from the Museum Collection (Introduction). National Palace Museum. Geraadpleegd op 10 August 2011.
5. Cai, Zong-qi (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. Columbia University Press, New York, 210–311. ISBN 978-0-231-13941-0.
6. Bartók, Mira, Ronan, Christine (1994). Ancient China. Good Year Books, p. 13. ISBN 0-673-36180-2.
7. Ip, Hung-yok (2005). Intellectuals in revolutionary China, 1921-1949: leaders, heroes and sophisticates. Routledge, Oxfordshire, 103, 110. ISBN 0-415-35165-0.
8. Heinrich, Sally (2007). Key into China. Curriculum Press, 28, 80. ISBN 978-1-86366-697-8.
9. Forsyth, Holly (2010). Gardens of Eden: Among the World's Most Beautiful Gardens. The Miegunyah Press, p. 104. ISBN 9780522857764.
10. Fong, Grace S. (2008). Herself an author: gender, agency, and writing in late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8248-3186-8.
11. China Travel Guide. "Gu Shan (Solitary Hill)". Retrieved 9 August 2011.
12. Schmidt, Jerry Dean (2003). Harmony Garden: the life, literary criticism, and poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1799). Routledge, London, p. 641. ISBN 0-7007-1525-8.
13. Red Pine. Poems of the Masters. Port Townsend, Copper Canyon Press, 2003, p.453.
14. Dudbridge, Glen (2007). Reading China. Brill, Leiden, 56–58. ISBN 978-90-04-15483-4.
15. How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. Columbia University Press, New York (2008), pp. 295. ISBN 978-0-231-13941-0.
16. Wang, Betty, Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy. Taiwan Review. Government Information Office, Republic of China. Gearchiveerd op 25 May 2012. Geraadpleegd op 20 november 2011.
17. (1991). Taiwan periodicals_West & East. West & East 中美月刊 36-37: 9 (Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association). ISSN: 0043-3047.
18. Huo, Jianying, Ancient Cosmetology. China Today. Gearchiveerd op 9 May 2012. Geraadpleegd op 8 October 2011.
19. Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-18689-6 "For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to have originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early spring and a light breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties."
20. Thacker, Christopher (1985). The history of gardens. University of California Press, Berkeley, p. 57. ISBN 978-0-520-05629-9.
21. Int'l Plum Blossom Festival draws crowds in Nanjing. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
22. Harper, Damian, Fallon, Steve (2005). China. Lonely Planet, p. 228.
23. Patricia Bjaaland Welch (2008). Chinese art: a guide to motifs and visual imagery. Tuttle Publishing, North Clarendon, p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8048-3864-1.
24. Hansman, John (1985). Julfār, an Arabian port: Its settlement and Far Eastern ceramic trade from the 14th to the 18th centuries. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, p. 28. ISBN 978-0-947593-01-8.
25. meiping. Encyclopædia Britannica. Geraadpleegd op 17 August 2011.
26. Prunus Vase (meiping). Saint Louis Art Museum. Geraadpleegd op 17 August 2011.
27. Meiping. Musée Guimet. Gearchiveerd op 30 september 2011. Geraadpleegd op 18 August 2011.
28. Lo, Amy (2001). The book of mahjong: An illustrated guide. Tuttle Publishing, Boston, 47–48. ISBN 978-0-8048-3302-8.
29. Government Information Office, Republic of China - National Flower (gearchiveerd op 2011-08-05 ). Retrieved 9 August 2011.
30. The Three Friends of Winter: Paintings of Pine, Plum, and Bamboo from the Museum Collection. National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院). Geraadpleegd op 31 July 2011.
31. National Flag, Anthem and Flower^{[dode link]}. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
32. Looking back. China Airlines. Gearchiveerd op 17 August 2011. Geraadpleegd op 21 August 2011.
33. Current New Taiwan Dollar Coins. New Taipei City Government. Gearchiveerd op 31 March 2012. Geraadpleegd op 21 August 2011.
34. Mullany, Francis (2006). Symbolism in Korean ink brush painting. Global Oriental, Folkestone, p. 18. ISBN 978-1-901903-89-8.
35. Lee, Kyung-ja (2007). Traditional Korean costume. Global Oriental, Folkestone, Kent, UK, pp. 125. ISBN 978-1-905246-04-5.
36. Vase (Maebyeong) with Lotus Blossoms. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Geraadpleegd op 22 August 2011.
37. Smith, Judith G. (1998). Arts of Korea. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, p. 415. ISBN 978-0-87099-850-8.
38. Nakamura, Shigeki (2009). Pattern sourcebook: Nature 2: 250 patterns for projects and designs, 1. publ.. Rockport Publishing, Beverly, Mass.. ISBN 978-1-59253-559-0.
39. Parker, Mary S. (1999). Sashiko: Easy & elegant Japanese designs for decorative machine embroidery. Lark Books, Asheville, N.C., pp. 132. ISBN 978-1-57990-132-5.
40. Rowthorn, Chris and Florence, Mason. Lonely Planet: Kyoto. 2001, page 21.
41. Bach Mai - Trang chủ. Bach Mai Hospital. Geraadpleegd op 27 August 2011.
42. Mai Huong Hospital. Mai Huong Day Psychiatric Hospital. Gearchiveerd op 26 July 2011. Geraadpleegd op 27 August 2011.

Categorie:Steeltjeszwam

Paarse knoopzwam / Ascocoryne sarcoides (en)

Heinonlein/Kladblok/aller
Taxonomische indeling
Rijk: Fungi (Schimmels)
Soort
Heinonlein/Kladblok/aller
Portaal    Biologie Schimmels

Hippodamia convergens (en)

^[1]

Caconemobius (en)

^[2]

Megaloprepus caerulatus (en)

^[3]

Nationaal park Lobéké (en)

| name = Lobéké National Park | iucn_category = II | photo =First mirador in Lobéké.jpg | photo_caption = | location = Cameroon | nearest_city = | map = Cameroon | relief = 1 | map_caption = Location in Cameroon | coordinates = 2|15|N|15|45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title | area =2178 km² | established =October 1999 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Central African Forest Commission (COMIFAC)

Lobéké National Park (alternate: Lake Lobake National Park) is a national park of southeastern Cameroon within the Moloundou Arrondissement of East Province.^[4] Located in the Congo Basin, it is bounded on the east by the Sangha River which serves as Cameroon's international border with Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo.^[5] It is adjacent to two other reserves in the CAR and Congo. To the northwest is Boumba Bek National Park, another national park in Cameroon's East Province.

In a conference of the Ministers of Forests of Central African Forest Commission (COMIFAC), it had been resolved to establish within the Congo basin, the Sangha River Tri-national Protected area (STN) encompassing the Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve in the Central African Republic, which incorporates the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) and the Lobéké National Park in Cameroon.^[6]

History

Already in 1991, the WWF had conducted a biological assessment of the area and recommended that the Lobéké area be protected, recommending that the unexploited 40,000 hectares be expanded to encompass over 400,000 hectares. In October 1999, the park was declared a National Park.^[7] In the same year the so-called Yaoundé Declaration was signed, forming a tri-national park agreement of cooperation with Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve in the Central African Republic and the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo. This tri-park area is operated by the Central African Forest Commission (COMIFAC), and is overlooked and funded by international wildlife groups such as the World Wildlife Fund, the German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTZ) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).^[8] Since 18 April 2006, the Lobéké National Park has been on the list of suggestions for a UNESCO World Heritage site. Since 2006, it has been on the proposal list as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Geography

The Sangha Tri National Landscape. The park is labelled.

Lobéké National Park belongs to the Moloundou arrondissement, located in the vicinity of Boumba-et-Ngoko. The Moloundou area has been described as "one of the richest rubber areas of Africa" and the Germans established a rubber making plant in the area.^[9] The park is located close to the borders with neighbouring Republic of Congo and Central African Republic, which is why the tri-national environmental initiative with the park and Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve and the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park was made. The park covers 1,838.55,^[10] and its altitude ranges from 300 to 750 above sea level. More than twelve natural savannas, characterized as saline swamps, occur within the park. There are also sandbars on the Sangha. The annual rainfall averages 1400 mm., with the dry season occurring from December through February. Large forest clearings, or bais, have soils rich in various minerals that attract the mega fauna of the forest. Lobéké is the home of many different ethnic groups including the Baka, the Bantu and the Bangando.

Flora and fauna

Lobéké is predominantly a semi-evergreen forest, most of which has never been logged. The forest is characterized by an enormous variety of plants. Dominant species include Sterculiaceae (Triplochiton, Pterygota), Ceiba pentandra and Terminalia superba. The understorey consists of Marantaceae-Zingiberaceae thicket, or Ebenaceae and Annonaceae trees. Near streams there are clusters of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei. Palm thickets and sedge marshes border the savannas. There are more than 300 species of trees in Lobéké.^[11]

Buffalo within the park

Some of the highest densities of African forest elephants and western lowland gorillas in all of Africa are found in Lobéké. Other animals include primates, such as chimpanzees, gorillas, leopards, as well as ten species of forest ungulates. In addition to mammals, fauna inventory includes 215 species of butterflies, 134 species of fish, 18 species of reptiles, and 16 species of amphibians.^[12]

Lobéké National Park is an Important Bird Area (#CM033). Over three hundred species of birds have been recorded here. The rare red-nosed green pigeon (Treron calvus), rhinoceros birds (Buceros rhinoceros), Chrysococcyx flavigularis, Otus icterorhynchus and the chestnut kingfisher (Halcyon badia) can all be found in the park. Specifically within Cameroon and Gabon, it is an important bird area for the Dja River scrub warbler.

Environmental issues

Due to Lobéké' proximity to Congo and CAR, the park is part of a tri-national environmental initiative that includes the Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve of CAR and the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park of the Republic of the Congo. Observation towers built 5 above ground level support ecological monitoring and tourism.^[13]

Timber exploitation and safari hunting are a concern, as well as poaching for bushmeat, exotic animals, and ivory. Illegal fishing or bird poaching is a major problem and every year thousands of African gray parrots are caught and exported illegally. Even in 1997, when the government placed a ban on the export of birds, many birds were still caught and sold illegally for traditional medicine and other reasons. Mineral deposits have not been ruled out. A growing local population is dependent upon local resources.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

1. (en) Christopher O'Toole, Alien Empire (BBC Books, 1995), p. 81
2. (en) Christopher O'Toole, Alien Empire (BBC Books, 1995), p. 81
3. (en) Christopher O'Toole, Alien Empire (BBC Books, 1995), p. 110
4. Curran, Bryan K., Strategic Planning For Conservation Management Options In The Lobeke Region, Southeastern Cameroon. World Wildlife Fund. Geraadpleegd op 18 September 2010.
5. Important Bird Area factsheet: Lobéké National Park, Cameroon. BirdLife International. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.
6. Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park. The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.
7. Nelson, John, Cameroon: Baka Losing Out to Lobéké and Boumba National Parks. World Rainforest Movement Gearchiveerd op 2 December 2010. Geraadpleegd op 18 September 2010.
8. The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN). Dzanga-Sangha. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.
9. M. J. van Binsbergen, Wim, Commodification: Things, Agency, and Identities : (The Social Life of Things Revisited), Lit, 2005. ISBN 3-8258-8804-5.
10. The Lobeke or Lac Lobéké National Park. World Database on Protected Areas. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.
11. (de) WWF Projects - Protection for the green heart of Africa - Cameroon Man and Nature. junglerivers.de. Gearchiveerd op 19 July 2011. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.
12. (fr) Parc national de Lobeke. Unesco. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.
13. Preparing for Cameroon – Lobéké National Park II. asmat.eu. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.

Nationaal park Nouabalé-Ndoki (en)

| name = Nouabale-Ndoki National Park | iucn_category = II | photo = Loxodontacyclotis.jpg | photo_caption = Forest elephants in Mbeli Bai, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park | location = | nearest_city = | map=Republic of the Congo | coordinates = 2|28|N|16|27|E|format=dms|display=inline,title | area = ^[1] | established = 1993 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Ministry for National Forestry Commission | embedded =

Nouabal-Ndoki National Park is a national park in the Republic of the Congo. Established in 1993, north of Congo, it is mostly populated with elephants, apes, ranging from western lowland gorillas to chimpanzees and bongo. It is 3,921.61 of pristine tropical rainforest with no human habitation within it and with least habitation in the peripheral villages. The forests have a rich biodiversity of 300 bird species, plus 1,000 plant and tree species which include endangered mahoganies.^[2][3]

In a conference of the Ministers of Forests of Central African Forest Commission (COMIFAC), it had been resolved to establish within the Congo basin, the Sangha River Tri-national Protected area (STN) with a total area of 11,331 encompassing the Dzanga Sangha Special Reserve and the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic, the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Congo-Brazzaville, and the Lobéké National Park in Cameroon.^[4][5] The concept of creating reserved parks emerged in the 1980s with the realization that wild roaming elephants which moved freely in the entire region of the three parks needed to be protected from poachers and the logging industry.^[6]

The Nouabal-Ndoki National Park, managed by the WCS Congo jointly with the Ministry of Forestry, is one of the five protocols signed between them that specifies the responsibility of each partner of the protocol to ensure protection of the areas to defined international standards.

Mbeli Bai is a specific area within the park where the gorillas reside and tourists visit regularly to see them.^[7]

History

Plans to establish the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park were initiated in 1991 by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Government of Congo with support from USAID as a transboundary collaborative project. It also involved a progression of interaction with local, regional and national authorities. It was finally established in September 1993 covering an area of 392,169 between the North-eastern Sangha Department and the north-western Likouala Department of Congo. In 1999, the timber company CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) and the local community joined hands with WCS and the Government of Congo to create an entity that would minimise the negative impacts of logging on the national park. In 2001, the park area was extended with part of a neighbouring logging concession known as the Gouloago triangle getting annexed to this park. The German logging firm surrendered its rights over 100 of the Goualougo Triangle under its lease hold to be merged with the national park, and also resolved to ban hunting. While logging operations (particularly of two species of the African Mahogony for high-grade timber) have taken place in many forest regions in the northern Congo to a limited scale, this park has been free of any such operations. This has resulted in the fact that it has been beneficial to effective preservation and growth of population of the wild life and natural habitat of the forests in the park.^[8][9]

Geography and climate

The Sangha Tri National Landscape. The park is labelled.

The protected area, which is part of the Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) is drained mainly by the Sangha River, a tributary of the Congo River. Part of the forest is still inaccessible and remains unexplored. It is a swampy tropical forest in lowlands that are part of the Congo River drainage basin. This park, along with the other two reserved parks within the larger Sangha Reserve, is secluded from all economic activity involving roads and human interference, which has resulted in its maintenance as a pristine rain forest.^[10] The park lies within the forest area of Congo which forms 11% of the total area of the country. It has been further demarcated into protected areas, cleared areas known as Bai and Yanga, two seasonal zones for use by nomadic people, hunting areas reserved for employees, protected zones that act as prey zones for hunting, hunting zones for local community, and sacred sites.^[11]

The park has a humid climate and gets, on an average, 1,250 of rain a year. The rainy season is August to November and the dry season is December to February. The plants include a collection of different types of mahoganies.^[12]

Wildlife

Numerous providers run safaris into the park in order to fund conservation efforts and raise awareness about the wildlife and natural gems within. Congo Travel and Tours (www.congotravelandtours.com) is a great source of travel information about the park and current travel and weather conditions, and has budget and more upscale itineraries into the park starting from $1,799 for 8 days, per person.

Fauna

Adult female gorilla inside the park

There are many kinds of species living in the park.^[13][14] The National Geographic Society has observed that the park may have the largest concentration of wild life per square mile of any place in Africa. The most prominent species are primates. There are colobus monkeys (black-and-white colobus, red colobus), the endangered lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and moustached guenon monkeys. The park plays host to over 300 different bird species. Some of the important species are the eagles, hawks, owls, scavenging vultures, and wading herons. There are also the rare African forest elephant, forest buffalo, leopard, bongo, and blue duiker. Crocodiles and blood-sucking insects are also part of the forest's species. Herpetofauna studies have been conducted in four specific areas of the park. These studies have established 20 amphibian and 14 reptile species in the southern edge of the park; of these, the frog species are Aubria masako, Amietophrynus regularis, Cryptothylax greshoffii, Hyperolius balfouri, H. brachiofasciatus, Leptopelis brevirostris and L. calcaratus meridionalis.^[15]

Parrots are also seen in the park area. Forest elephants create space by clearing the forest for other animals to move. Horned antelopes with 12 tops number 100 per 1. According to a Pygmy legend, a Congo-based long-necked reptile, known as Mokele-mbembe killed elephants with its huge frontal horn.

Mbelibai is a specific 3 area within the park which is particularly rich in gorillas, with 180 western lowland gorillas reported here. It also contains many monkey species, and nine of them have a population density of 50 per 1. The monkey species found here are the black-and–white and red colobus, mustached and crowned guenon, grey-cheeked mangabeys and many others.^[16]

Flora

The trees and plants flourish within this climate. Nouable-Ndoki National Park is a very lush rainforest. It is home to 24 distinct types of vegetation. However, the dominant vegetation is of Gilbertiodendron dewervei (G. dewevevri in the upland region and away from water courses in large areas; mixed and swamp forests are also a feature. The forest has many “bais” meaning ”cleared areas”. Over 1000 different plant and tree species have been identified. G. dewevevri is a supra-annual seed crop and it is “thought that mast fruiting may have occurred to combat seed production through predator satiation.” Its characteristics are defined as “79% of its stems above 10 cm at breast height and 88% of the basal area.” These seeds are destroyed by beetles. However, they form the major food source for a large number of mammals such as rodents, duikers (cephelophus spp.), pigs (Putamoechoerus porcus and hylochoerus meinertzhagen), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), elephants, and particularly gorillas.^[17]

Conservation measures

Conservation efforts undertaken are not limited to the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park alone but also to the two other parks of the tri region, and also the entire Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area that encompasses more than 96% of the land area. The countries who have formed the tri-national organization under a trans-boundary program through the efforts of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) are the Central African Republic, the Congo and the Cameroon. This organizational effort has ensured appropriate actions being implemented related to anti-poaching, research and the promotion of tourism to the rain forests. A regular feature of this effort is the meetings that are held at regular intervals of the three park-administrations, as well as the prefects of the three countries. Patrolling of the parks is carried out by regular joint patrols to ensure that poaching, smuggling of ivory and unauthorized fishing and carriage fire arms do not happen in the reserve park. Visitors can visit the park only in a group as part of an organized tour arranged by professional wild life tour operators.

Conservation measures are supported by the German Cooperation of Technical Collaboration (GTC) in Central African Republic and Cameroon, and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS - New York) in the Congo. A trust fund, flush with funds, has also been created for the purpose of conservation of the parks. The national park has also its several research projects that are financially supported by USAID-CARPE, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Colombus Zoo, and the MacArthur Foundation. Consequent to extensive international support, the park is now considered not only nationally important, but also an internationally recognised conservation area of immense importance, with a very well established infrastructure, skilled personnel, and substantial economic backing.

Protection

In the past, protection technology had been limited for rangers. However, now, they have been using detectors to catch criminals hurting the park. The rangers of Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park have a group known as 'eco-guards'. The 'eco-guards' are under the supervision of the MFEE (Ministry of Forestry Economy and the Environment). With the MFEE/eco-guards, it has been ensured that no illegal human activities take place in the park such as poaching. Apart from the rangers, the local community of the Ba’Aka also provide their local knowledge base inputs to promote sustainable preservation and conservation of the forests in the park.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

1. Chapter 2 Study Area, Population and Methods (pdf) 20–40. Chesterrep.openrepository. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
2. Nouabale-Ndoki National Park. WCS Congo. Gearchiveerd op 22 juli 2011. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
3. Welcome to WCS-Congo. WCS-Congo. Geraadpleegd op 19 september 2010.
4. Lowland Gorilla Sangha National Park. The Zambazi Safari and Travel Co. Ltd. Geraadpleegd op 18 september 2010.
5. The Sangha River Tri-national Protected Area (STN). Dazanga Sangha Central African Republic. Geraadpleegd op 19 september 2010.
6. Sangha Tri-National Landscape (pdf). World Wild Life Fund. Geraadpleegd op 19 september 2010.
7. Riley, Laura, Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves, Princeton University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-691-12219-9. Geraadpleegd op 2010-09-21.
8. Congo BioDiversity: Description. Slide 4. Permanent Missions of the Republic of Congo. Gearchiveerd op 12 januari 2012. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
9. Congo Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Guided Tour - 11 Day. Wiled Frontier. Gearchiveerd op 7 juli 2011. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
10. Congo Republic: Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park. Wild Life Hot Spots. Gearchiveerd op 9 april 2011. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
11. Protected areas of Congo (ppt). Congo BioDiversity: Description. Wild Life Conservation Society (WCS). Gearchiveerd op 20 januari 2012. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
12. "Incognita: Nouabale-Ndoki National Park." (gearchiveerd op 2009-08-31) Travel Africa: 16 Oct. 2009.
13. Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park. Encyclopædia Britannica. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
14. Berg, Maria. "Congo Republic Nouabal-Ndoki National Park." (gearchiveerd op 2011-04-09) 16 Oct. 2009.
15. Kate Jackson & David C. Blackburn, The amphibians and reptiles of Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) (pdf) 149-. Whitman Education (2007). Geraadpleegd op 2010-09-20.
16. Mbeli Bai, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, R. P. Congo. Dept. of Anthropology Washington University. Gearchiveerd op 12 oktober 1999. Geraadpleegd op 20 september 2010.
17. Blake, Stephen (1997). Seed Production by Gilbertiodendron dewevevri in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13 (6): 885–891. DOI: 10.1017/S0266467400011056.