Tanduk Afrika

Tanduk Afrika
Tanduk Afrika
Area	1,882,857 km
Population	100,128,000
Negara	Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia
Zon Masa	UTC+3
Total GDP (PPP) (2010)	$106.224 billion
GDP (PPP) per capita (2010)	$1061
Total GDP (nominal) (2010)	USD35.819 bilion
GDP (nominal) per capita (2010)	$358
Languages	Afar, Amharic, Arabic, Oromo, Somali, Tigre, Tigrinya
Largest cities	; Bandar Raya Djibouti, Djibouti; Asmara, Eritrea; Addis Ababa, Habsyah; Mogadishu, Somalia

Tanduk Afrika (Templat:Lang-om, Amhara: የአፍሪካ ቀንድ, rumi: yäafrika qändcode: am is deprecated , Somali: Geeska Afrikacode: so is deprecated 𐒌𐒜𐒈𐒏𐒖 𐒖𐒍𐒇𐒘𐒏𐒖, Tigrinya: ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ, rumi: q’ärnī afīrīqacode: ti is deprecated atau Arab: القرن الأفريقي, rumi: al-qarn al-'afrīqīcode: ar is deprecated , bahasa Inggeris: Horn of Africacode: en is deprecated ) merupakan semenanjung di Afrika Timur yang menganjur beberapa ratus kilometer ke Laut Arab dan terletak di sebelah selatan Teluk Aden. Ia merupakan unjuran pating ke barat benua Afrika. Di rujuk pada zaman pertengahan sebagai Bilad al Barbar ("Tanah penduduk Berber]]"),^[5]^[6]^[7] the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Fakta Segera Area, Population ...

Tutup

Ia melitupi sekitar 2,000,000 km² (770,000 sq mi) dan didiami oleh sekitar 100 juta penduduk (Ethiopia: 85 juta, Somalia: 9.3 juta, Eritrea: 5.2 juta, dan Djibouti: 0.86 juta). Kajian Regional di Tanduk Afrika telah dijalankan , antara lain, dalam bidang Kajian Ethiopia termasuk juga Kajian Somali.

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Negara Ajuuraan
Empayar Aksumite
Laluan Gaharu
Tanah Punt
Operasi Enduring Freedom - Tanduk Afrika
Laluan Sutera

Sejarah Kebangsaan:

Kesultanan dan kerajaan:

Adal Sultanate
Aussa Sultanate
Dervish State
Geledi Sultanate
Harar Sultanate
Ifat Sultanate
Kingdom of Gomma
Kingdom of Gumma
Kingdom of Jimma
Kingdom of Kaffa
Majeerteen Sultanate
Marehan Sultanate
Mudaito Dynasty
Shewa Sultanate
Sultanate of Hobyo
Sultanate of Mogadishu
Walashma dynasty
Warsangali Sultanate
Zagwe dynasty

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[1]
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=
[2]
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=92&pr.y=15&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=611&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=
[3]
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=29&pr.y=7&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=643&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=
[4]
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html
[5]
J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p.190
[6]
George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, Agatharchides, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea", (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p.83
[7]
John I. Saeed, Somali – Volume 10 of London Oriental and African language library, (J. Benjamins: 1999), p. 250.
[8]
Robert Stock, Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation, (The Guilford Press: 2004), p. 26
[9]
Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia."
[10]
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.61: "The northern mountainous area, known as the Horn of Africa, comprises Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia."
[11]
Sandra Fullerton Joireman, Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa, (Universal-Publishers: 1997), p.1: "The Horn of Africa encompasses the countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia. These countries share similar peoples, languages, and geographical endowments."

Rujukan

Beshah, Girma; Aregay, Merid Wolde (1964). The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632). Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos.
Negash, Tekeste (2005). Eritrea and Ethiopia: the Federal Experience. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press.

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History of the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa News Agency
WWF- Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
Horn of Africa Biodiversity Hotspot
African Wild Dog Conservancy's Biodiversity Hotspots Page
CIA World Factbook: Djibouti
CIA World Factbook: Eritrea
CIA World Factbook: Ethiopia
CIA World Factbook: Somalia
A 'Child Alert' issued by UNICEF for the Horn of Africa Diarkibkan 2018-12-15 di Wayback Machine
Yemen Horn of Africa Link Diarkibkan 2009-07-13 di Portuguese Web Archive
Horn of Africa Concerns from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa official website Diarkibkan 2006-12-08 di Wayback Machine
CFR.org Interactive Map: Horn of Africa Diarkibkan 2009-02-05 di Wayback Machine

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[imf.org-1] [1]
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=

[ReferenceA-2] [2]
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=92&pr.y=15&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=611&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=

[ReferenceB-3] [3]
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=29&pr.y=7&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=643&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=

[cia.gov-4] [4]
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html

[5] [5]
J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p.190

[6] [6]
George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, Agatharchides, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea", (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p.83

[7] [7]
John I. Saeed, Somali – Volume 10 of London Oriental and African language library, (J. Benjamins: 1999), p. 250.

[Stock-8] [8]
Robert Stock, Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation, (The Guilford Press: 2004), p. 26

[Hodd-9] [9]
Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia."

[Britannica-10] [10]
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.61: "The northern mountainous area, known as the Horn of Africa, comprises Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia."

[Joireman-11] [11]
Sandra Fullerton Joireman, Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa, (Universal-Publishers: 1997), p.1: "The Horn of Africa encompasses the countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia. These countries share similar peoples, languages, and geographical endowments."

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[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

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Tanduk Afrika

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