Ketingkahlakuan

Ketingkahlakuan ialah satu pendekatan kepada psikologi yang menggabungkan unsur falsafah, perkaedahan, dan teori.^[1] Menurut pendekatan ini, kesemua tingkah laku boleh diperhatikan. Tambahan pula, ia bergantung kepada idea yang lain, bahawa semua tingkah laku manusia telah dipelajari dan boleh dijelaskan oleh penyesuaian operan. Ia boleh dipelajari melalui maklum balas keputusan yang tentunya boleh terjadi. Walau bagaimanapun, ahli ketingkahlakuan menafikan kepentingan tingkah laku yang diwarisi, naluri, atau kecenderungan yang diwarisi untuk bertindak.

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Lihat juga

• Penyesuaian klasik
• Keperibumian psikologi
• Empirisisme

Rujukan

1. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Bacaan lanjut

• Baum, W.M. (2005) Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. Blackwell.
• Ferster, C.B. & Skinner, B.F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Malott, Richard W. Principles of Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.
• Mills, John A., Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology, Paperback Edition, New York University Press 2000.
• Lattal, K.A. & Chase, P.N. (2003) "Behavior Theory and Philosophy". Plenum.
• Plotnik, Rod. (2005) Introduction to Psychology. Thomson-Wadsworth (ISBN 0-534-63407-9).
• Rachlin, H. (1991) Introduction to modern behaviorism. (3rd edition.) New York: Freeman.
• Skinner, B.F. Beyond Freedom & Dignity, Hackett Publishing Co, Inc 2002.
• Skinner, B.F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Skinner, B.F. (1945). "The operational analysis of psychological terms". Psychological Review. 52 (270–7): 290–4.
• Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior (ISBN 0-02-929040-6) Online version.
• Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Skinner, B.F. (31 July 1981). "Selection by Consequences" (PDF). Science. 213 (4507): 501–4. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..501S. doi:10.1126/science.7244649. PMID 7244649. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2010-07-02. Dicapai pada 14 August 2010. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)
• Staddon, J. (2001) The new behaviorism: Mind, mechanism and society. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. pp. xiii, 1–211.
• Watson, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158–177. (on-line).
• Watson, J.B. (1919). Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist.
• Watson, J.B. (1924). Behaviorism.
• Zuriff, G.E. (1985). Behaviorism: A Conceptual Reconstruction, Columbia University Press.
• LeClaire, J. and Rushin, J.P. (2010) Behavioral Analytics For Dummies. Wiley. (ISBN 978-0-470-58727-0).

Pautan luar

• "Behaviorism" article by George Graham in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Behaviorism (Inggeris)
• Books and Journal Articles On Behaviorism (Inggeris)
• Wuerzburg University: behaviourism (Inggeris)
• B.F. Skinner Foundation (Inggeris)
• Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies (Inggeris)
• Skinner's Theories (Inggeris)
• APA Behaviour Analysis (Inggeris)
• Association for Behavior Analysis (Inggeris)
• Theory of Behavioral Anthropology (Documents No. 9 and 10 in English) (Inggeris)
• California Association for Behavior Analysis (Inggeris)
• Examining Learning From Multiple Perspectives by Michigan State University (Inggeris)
• Association for Contextual Behavioral Science (Inggeris)
• Behavior Analysis Online Tutorials (Inggeris)

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