Kempen New Guinea

Kempen New Guinea dalam Perang Pasifik bermula dari Januari 1942 hingga berakhirnya Perang Dunia II pada Ogos 1945. Semasa fasa permulaan pada awal tahun 1942, Empayar Jepun menceroboh wilayah-wilayah tadbiran Australia iaitu Mandat New Guinea (23 January) dan Papua (8 Mac) dan menakluki barat New Guinea (permulaan 29/30 Mac), yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Hindia Timur Belanda. Sewaktu fasa kedua, bermula dari penghujung tahun 1942 sehingga penyerahankalah Jepun, Pihak Bersekutu—yang mengandungi tentera Australia dan AS—mula-mula menghalau Jepun dari Papua, kemudian Mandat dan akhir sekali dari koloni Belanda.

Kempen New Guinea
Sebahagian daripada Kancah Pasifik Perang Dunia II
Tentera Australia menyerang kedudukan Jepun di Buna
Tarikh 23 Januari 1942 – Ogos 1945 Lokasi New Guinea Keputusan Kemenangan Bersekutu
Pihak yang terlibat
Australia New Guinea  Amerika Syarikat  New Zealand  United Kingdom Fiji  Belanda	Jepun
Komandan dan pemimpin
Tentera Darat A.S.: Douglas MacArthur George Kenney Robt. Eichelberger Tentera Laut A.S.: Arthur S. Carpender R. Kelly Turner Theod. S. Wilkinson Daniel E. Barbey Tentera Darat Australia: George Vasey Norman Fleay	Tentera Darat I.J.: Hitoshi Imamura Hatazō Adachi Tomitarō Horii  † Heisuke Abe  †[2] Tentera Laut I.J.: Isoroku Yamamoto Jisaburo Ozawa Jinichi Kusaka Masatomi Kimura
Kekuatan
	350,000[3]
Kerugian dan korban
Jumlah 42,000[4]	127,600 (New Guinea sahaja)[5]

Kempen ini mengakibatkan kekalahan yang teruk dan kerugian yang sangat besar buat Empayar Jepun. Seperti kebanyakan kempen Perang Pasifik, penyakit dan kebuluran meragut lebih banyak nyawa askar Jepun daripada tindakan musuh. Kebanyakan askar Jepun tidak pernah bertembung dengan tentera Bersekutu, dan sebaliknya hanya terputus bekalan dan menjadi sasaran kepada sekatan yang efektif oleh Tentera Laut AS. Garison telah dikepung dan dihalang penghantaran bekalan makanan dan perubatan, dan akibatnya, ada yang mendakwa 97% kematian askar Jepun dalam kempen ini adalah dari sebab-sebab bukan peperangan.^[6]

Menurut John Laffin, kempen tersebut "...boleh dikatakan pertempuran paling sukar oleh mana-mana askar Bersekutu semasa Perang Dunia II".^[7]

Nota

1. Biography of Lieutenant-General Heisuke Abe
2. Born in 1886 and died in 1943 after suffering from Dracunculiasis at Wewak.^[1]
3. Tanaka 1980, p. ii.
4. New Guinea: The US Army Campaigns of World War II Diarkibkan 2011-12-21 di Wayback Machine. 8,500 prior to January 1943, 24,000 between January 1943 and April 1944, and 9,500 from April 1944 to the end of the war. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
5. Fenton, Damien (1 June 2004). How many died? (QnA) Australian War Memorial.
6. Stevens, The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea paragraph 30 Retrieved 10 March 2016.
7. Laffin 1986, p. 303

Rujukan

• "Biography of Lieutenant-General Heisuke Abe – (阿部平輔) – (あべ へいすけ) (1886–1943), Japan". Generals.dk. Dicapai pada 18 September 2013.
• Craven, Wesley; Cate, James (1948). Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume 1: Plans and Early Operations—January 1938 to August 1942. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 704158.
• GHQ SWPA, Establishment of New Guinea Force and Miscellaneous GHQ Correspondence Relative to NGF, Australian Army, dicapai pada 15 November 2015
• Laffin, John (1986). Brassey's Battles: 3,500 Years of Conflict, Campaigns and Wars from A-Z. London: Brassey's Defence Publishers. ISBN 0080311857.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, vol. 4 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-316-58304-9.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1950). Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, vol. 6 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1307-1.
• Tanaka, Kengoro (1980). Operations of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in the Papua New Guinea Theater During World War II. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Papua New Guinea Goodwill Society. OCLC 9206229.
• Vader, John (1971). New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-3450-2223-3.
• Watson, Richard L. Jr (1944). USAAF Historical Study No. 17: Air Action in the Papuan Campaign, 21 July 1942 to 23 January 1943 (pdf). Washington, DC: USAAF Historical Office. OCLC 22357584.

Bacaan lanjut

• Anderson, Charles R. Papua. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-7. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-02-16. Dicapai pada 2017-10-30.
• Dear, I.C.B.; Foot, M.R.D., penyunting (2001). "New Guinea campaign". The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19860-446-4.
• Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Volume 6. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 2028994. |volume= has extra text (bantuan)
• Drea, Edward J. (1998). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
• Drea, Edward J. Papua. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-9. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-12-21. Dicapai pada 2017-10-30.
• Gailey, Harry A. (2004). MacArthur's Victory: The War In New Guinea 1943–1944. New York: Random House. ISBN.
• Hungerford, T.A.G. (1952). The Ridge and the River. Sydney: Angus & Robertson; Republished by Penguin, 1992. ISBN 0-14-300174-4.
• Japanese Research Division (1950). Sumatra Invasion and Southwest Area Naval Mopping-Up Operations, January 1942 – May 1942. Japanese Monographs, No. 79A. General Headquarters Far East Command, Foreign Histories Division.
• Leary, William M. (2004). We Shall Return!: MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9105-X.
• McCarthy, Dudley (1959). South-West Pacific Area – First Year. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Volume 5. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3134247. |volume= has extra text (bantuan)
• Taafe, Stephen R. (2006). MacArthur's Jungle War: The 1944 New Guinea Campaign. Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.: University Press Of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0870-2.
• Zaloga, Stephen J. (2007). Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-091-8.

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Kempen New Guinea

• Nelson, Hank. "Report on Historical Sources on Australia and Japan at war in Papua and New Guinea, 1942–45". Dicapai pada 2006-12-13.
• "The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific, Volume I". Reports of General MacArthur. United States Army Center of Military History. Dicapai pada 2006-12-08.
• "Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I". Reports of General MacArthur. United States Army Center of Military History. Dicapai pada 2006-12-08.
• Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.
• National Archive Video of Hollandia Bay, New Guinea Invasion
• Satu klip filem ALLIES STUDY POST-WAR SECURITY ETC. (1944) boleh didapati dengan muat turun percuma di Arkib Internet [more]