Tawa

Tawa^[1] adalah tindak balas fizikal pada manusia dan beberapa spesies primata lain terhadap rangsangan luar (termasuk kegelian^[2]) ataupun pemahaman isi kata (termasuk cerita atau pemikiran.yang dianggap melucukan^[3]) sehingga mengeluarkan suara berirama berkekeh-kekeh^[1] hasil kontraksi diafragma atau bahagian lain sistem pernafasan. Ia paling biasa dianggap sebagai ungkapan visual beberapa emosi positif berkaitan seperti kegembiraan, kebahagiaandan sebagainya. Walau bagaimanapun, ia boleh jugan disebabkan oleh emosi bertentangan seperti malu, simpati atau kekeliruan. Tindak balas ini berbeza kekuatannya mengikut faktor tertentu termasuk usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, bahasa, dan budaya.^[4]

Pekerja tertawa di pabrik pakaian.

Ia sebahagian dari tingkah laku manusia dikawal oleh otak yang membantu manusia menjelaskan niat mereka dalam interaksi dan memberikan konteks terhadap perbualan dilibatkan. Ketawa digunakan sebagai isyarat untuk menjadi bagian dari sebuah kelompok—ia isyarat penerimaan dan positif interaksi dengan orang lain. Tertawa kadang-kadang lihat seperti berjangkit, dan ketawa satu orang boleh sendiri memprovokasi tawa dari orang lain sebagai balas positif.^[5]

Kajian humor dan tawa, dan kesan psikologi dan fisiologinya pada tubuh manusia, disebut gelotologi.

Rujukan

1. 'tawa'. Kamus Dewan (ed. keempat). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. Dicapai pada 20 Mac 2020 – melalui Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu.
2. Stearns, Frederic Rudolph (1972). Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development. m/s. 59–65. ISBN 0398024200.
3. Shultz, T. R.; Horibe, F. (1974). "Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes". Developmental Psychology. 10: 13–20. doi:10.1037/h0035549.
4. Olmwake, Louise. "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics". Journal of Applied Psychology. 21 (6): 688–704. doi:10.1037/h0055199.
5. Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) p. 18.

Bacaan lanjut

• Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
• Bakhtin, Mikhail (1941). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34830-7.
• Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (editors), Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications, Transaction Publishers, 1996. ISBN 1-56000-837-7. Books.google.com
• Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient, 1979.
• Davila-Ross, M., Allcock, B., Thomas, C., and Bard K.A. (2011) Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others. Emotion doi:10.1037/a0022594
• Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (see patient AK)
• Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience 3, 237 - 238 (2001).
• Greig, John Young Thomson, The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter, New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.
• Hennefeld, Maggie (December 2016). "Death from Laughter, Female Hysteria, and Early Cinema". differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. Duke University Press. 27 (3): 45–92. doi:10.1215/10407391-3696631.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Marteinson, Peter, On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter, Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006. utoronto.ca
• Miller, M; Mangano, C; Park, Y; Goel, R; Plotnick, GD; Vogel, RA (2006). "Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function". Heart. 92 (2): 261–2. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.061424.
• Provine, R. R., Laughter. American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
• Provine, Robert R. (2001). Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. ISBN 978-0141002255.
• Quentin Skinner (2004). "Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2012-10-18. Dicapai pada 2006-10-23. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan) included in book: Sorell, Tom; Luc Foisneau (2004). "6". Leviathan After 350 Years. Oxford University Press. m/s. 139–66. ISBN 0-19-926461-9. ISBN 0-19-926461-9. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2011-06-28. Dicapai pada 2017-12-05.
• Raskin, Victor, Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (1985).
• MacDonald, C., "A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services(2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org
• Kawakami, K., et al., Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study Diarkibkan 2011-09-28 di Wayback Machine Early Human Development (2006) 82, 61-66. kyoto-u.ac.jp
• Johnson, S., Emotions and the Brain Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com
• Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J.,"Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy? Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu
• Milius, S., Don't look now, but is that dog laughing? Science News (2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org
• Simonet, P., et al., Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs 7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org
• Discover Health (2004) Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources Diarkibkan 2006-12-09 di Wayback Machine, helpguide.org
• Klein, A. The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
• Ron Jenkins Subversive laughter (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
• Bogard, M. Laughter and its Effects on Groups. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
• Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59800-222-5
• Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.): Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010. ISBN 978-3-495-48385-5

Pautan luar

• Asal-Usul Ketawa, chass.utoronto.ca
• Manusia ketawa sehingga 16 juta tahun yang lama Diarkibkan 2012-09-17 di Wayback Machine, cosmosmagazine.com
• Lebih lanjut tentang Gelotology dari Universitas Washington, fakulti.Washington.edu
• WNYC Radio Lab rancangan radio: Ketawa hanya soal Manusia?, wnyc.org
• Transkripsi tawa, writtensound.com
• Rakaman orang ketawa, 99 audio contoh manusia ketawa
• Komprehensif penyelidikan pada manfaat ketawa Diarkibkan 2017-12-01 di Wayback Machine