Pertempuran Iwo Jima

Pertempuran Iwo Jima (19 Februari – 26 Mac 1945) merupakan sebuah pertempuran utama di mana Kor Marin Amerika Syarikat mendarat di atas Pulau Iwo Jima dan kemudiannya berjaya mengepung pulau tersebut daripada Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Serangan dari pihak Amerika Syarikat (dikenali sebagai Operation Detachment) bertujuan mengepung seluruh pulau, termasuk tiga lapangan terbang yang dikawal Jepun (termasuk Lapangan-Lapangan Selatan dan Tengah) untuk memberikan kawasan pementasan untuk serangan terhadap pihak Jepun di Kepulauan Besar Jepun. Pertempuran yang beralngsung selama lima minggu ini merupakan antara pertempuran yang paling sengit dan berdarah dalam Perang Pasifik.

Pertempuran Iwo Jima
Sebahagian daripada Medan Pasifik Perang Dunia Kedua
Anggota-anggota Batalion Pertama Marin ke-23 menggali kubu perlindungan di pantai gunung berapi Yellow Beach
Tarikh 19 Februari – 26 Mac 1945 Lokasi Iwo Jima, Kepulauan Volcano Keputusan Kemenangan memihak kepada A.S.
Pihak yang terlibat
Amerika Syarikat	Jepun
Komandan dan pemimpin
U.S. Navy: Chester W. Nimitz Raymond A. Spruance Marc A. Mitscher William H.P. Blandy U.S. Marine Corps: Holland M. Smith Harry Schmidt Graves B. Erskine Clifton B. Cates Keller E. Rockey	Tadamichi Kuribayashi  † Takeichi Nishi  †
Kekuatan
110,000 askar Marin, darat, laut, orang kor, anggota USAAF dll 500+ kapal	20,530–21,060 askar[1] 23 kereta kebal[2] 438 meriam artileri 33 meriam kapal 69 meriam anti-kereta kebal ~300 meriam anti-pesawat[3]
Kerugian dan korban
26,040 jumlah yang terkorban 6,821 terbunuh 2 dikepung tapi diambil semula[4] 19,217 cedera[1] 1 kapal induk ditenggelamkan 1 kapal induk pesawat rosak teruk 1 kapal induk pesawat rosak sedikit	17,845–18,375 terkorban dan hilang[1] 216 dalam tahanan[1] ~3,000 bersembunyi[5]

Kedudukan pihak Jepun begitu banyak diperkuatkan dengan sebuah rangkaian bunker, artileri yang tersembunyi serta pembinaan terowong bawah tanah yang berjarak 18 km (11 batu).^[6][7] Pasukan darat AS turut disokong banyak meriam laut serta mempunyai penguasaan udara lengkap ihsan para penerbang Tentera Laut dan Kor Marin mereka sepanjang pertempuran.^[8]

Korban perang di pihak Jepun dikira sebanyak tiga kali bilangan korban di pihak Amerika walaupun jumlah askar AS yang gugur (korban dan cedera) tampak lebih banyak melebihi jumlah di pihak Jepun. dalam pertempuran ini.^[9] Sebanyak hanya 216 daripada 21,000 askar Jepun yang terlibat dijadikan tahanan perang kerana ditangkap ketika tidak sedar mahupun telah lumpuh,^[1]:83 di mana selebihnya telah terkorban. Namun, terapat juga laporan yang menyatakan sebanyak 3,000 orang askar terus menahan di dalam pelbagai sistem gua selama beberapa hari setelah itu sebelum akhirnya mati akibat kecederaan yang dialami mahupun menyerah diri beberapa minggu kemudian.^[1][10]

Walaupun pertempuran yang berlaku begitu berdarah danbanyak mengorbankan nyawa kedua-dua pihak, Kemenangan di pihak Amerika sangat diyakini dari awalnya, kerana pihak Amerika mendapat kelebihan dari segi jumlah anggota dan senjata serta penguasaan udara yang lengkap, ditambah pula juga dengan ketidakupayaan Jepun mengundur atau meminta sokongan, serta juga kekurangan bekalan makanan dan persediaan.^[11]

Catatan

1. Burrell, Robert S. (2006). The Ghosts of Iwo Jima. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-483-9. OCLC 61499920.
2. Taki, THE HISTORY OF BATTLES OF IMPERIAL JAPANESE TANKS.
3. B. L. Crumley, "The Marine Corps: Three Centuries of Glory", Jan 19, 2013. The total breaks down as follows: 361 artillery pieces of 75 mm caliber or larger, 12 320 mm spigot mortars, 65 medium and light mortars, 33 naval guns, 94 anti-aircraft guns of 75 mm or larger, 200+ anti-aircraft guns of 20 mm or 25 mm, and 69 37 mm or 47 mm anti-tank guns.
4. Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961; Vol. 4, Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions. 1949; Vol. 5, The Struggle for Guadalcanal. 1949; Vol. 6, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. 1950; Vol. 7, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls. 1951; Vol. 8, New Guinea and the Marianas. 1962; Vol. 12, Leyte. 1958; vol. 13, The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas. 1959; Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific. 1961.
5. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945, m/s. 669
6. "Letters from Iwo Jima". World War II Multimedia Database. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 December 2007.
7. "Battle of Iwo Jima—Japanese Defense". World War II Naval Strategy.
8. Video: Carriers Hit Tokyo! 1945/03/19 (1945). Universal Newsreel. 19 Mac 1945. Dicapai pada 22 Februari 2012.
9. O'Brien, Cyril J. "Iwo Jima Retrospective". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Jun 2007. Dicapai pada 21 Jun 2007.
10. Toland, John. Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945. m/s. 669.
11. Lewis, Adrian R. The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom. New York 2007. m/s. 59.CS1 maint: location (link)

Rujukan

• Allen, Robert E. (2004). The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-by-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, with Complete Muster Rolls. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0560-0. OCLC 41157682.
• Bradley, James; Ron Powers (2001) [2000]. Flags of Our Fathers. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-38029-X. OCLC 48215748.
• Bradley, James (2003). Flyboys: A True Story of Courage. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-10584-8. OCLC 52071383.
• Buell, Hal (2006). Uncommon Valor, Common Virtue: Iwo Jima and the Photograph that Captured America. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 0-425-20980-6. OCLC 65978720.
• Burrell, Robert S. "Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology: A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment," Journal of Military History Volume 68, Number 4, October 2004, pp. 1143–1186 and rebuttal in Project MUSE
• Burrell, Robert S. (2006). The Ghosts of Iwo Jima. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-483-9. OCLC 61499920.
• Eldridge, Robert D.; Charles W. Tatum (2011). Fighting Spirit: The Memoirs of Major Yoshitaka Horie and the Battle of Iwo Jima. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-856-2.
• Hammel, Eric (2006). Iwo Jima: Portrait of a Battle: United States Marines at War in the Pacific. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-2520-0. OCLC 69104268.
• Hearn, Chester (2003). Sorties into @#!* % : The Hidden War on Chichi Jima. Westport, CN: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98081-2. OCLC 51968985.
• Kakehashi, Kumiko (2007). So Sad to Fall in Battle: An Account of War Based on General Tadamichi Kuribayashi's Letters from Iwo Jima. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-89141-917-4.
• Kirby, Lawrence F. (1995). Stories From The Pacific: The Island War 1942–1945. Manchester, MA: The Masconomo Press. ISBN 0-9645103-1-6. OCLC 32971472.
• Leckie, Robert (2005) [1967]. The Battle for Iwo Jima. New York: ibooks, Inc. ISBN 1-59019-241-9. OCLC 56015751.
• Linenthal, Edward T. "Shaping a Heroic Presence: Iwo Jima in American Memory". Reviews in American History Vol. 21, No. 1 (March 1993), pp. 8–12. Templat:Jstor.
• Lucas, Jack; D.K. Drum (2006). Indestructible: The Unforgettable Story of a Marine Hero at the Battle of Iwo Jima. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81470-6. OCLC 68175700.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (2002) [1970]. Victory in the Pacific, 1945, vol. 14 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07065-8. OCLC 49784806.
• Newcomb, Richard F.; Harry Schmidt (2002) [1965]. Iwo Jima. New York: Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-7071-0. OCLC 48951047.
• Overton, Richard E. (2006). God Isn't Here: A Young American's Entry into World War II and His Participation in the Battle for Iwo Jima. Clearfield, UT: American Legacy Media. ISBN 0-9761547-0-6. OCLC 60694955.
• Rawson, Andrew. 2016. Iwo Jima 1945, Toronto: Dundurn.
• Ross, Bill D. (1986) [1985]. Iwo Jima: Legacy of Valor. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-394-74288-5. OCLC 13582622.
• Shively, John C. (2006). The Last Lieutenant: A Foxhole View of the Epic Battle for Iwo Jima. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34728-9. OCLC 61761637.
• Toll, Ian W. (2020). Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Toyn, Gary W. (2006). The Quiet Hero: The Untold Medal of Honor Story of George E. Wahlen at the Battle for Iwo Jima. Clearfield, UT: American Legacy Media. ISBN 0-9761547-1-4. OCLC 72161745.
• Veronee, Marvin D. (2001). A portfolio of photographs: selected to illustrate the setting for my experience in the battle of Iwo Jima, World War II, Pacific theater. Quantico, VA: Visionary Pub. ISBN 0-9715928-2-9. OCLC 52001277.
• Wells, John K. (1995). Give Me Fifty Marines Not Afraid to Die: Iwo Jima. Abilene, TX: Quality Publications. ISBN 0-9644675-0-X. OCLC 32153036.
• Wheeler, Richard (1994) [1980]. Iwo. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-922-0. OCLC 31693687.
• Wheeler, Richard (1994) [1965]. The @#!* % Battle for Suribachi. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-923-9. OCLC 31970164.
• Wright, Derrick (2007) [1999]. The Battle for Iwo Jima 1945. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4544-8. OCLC 67871973.
• Wright, Derrick (2004) [2001]. Iwo Jima 1945: The Marines Raise the Flag On Mount Suribachi. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-275-98273-4.
• Kindersley, Dorling (2009). World War II: The Definitive Visual History. DK Publishing.

Dalam talian

• Alexander, Joseph H. (1994). Closing In: Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 32194668.
• Bartley, Whitman S. (1954). Iwo Jima: Amphibious Epic. Marines in World War II Historical Monograph. Washington, DC: Historical, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps. OCLC 28592680.
• Garand, George W.; Truman R. Strobridge (1971). "Part VI: Iwo Jima". Western Pacific Operations. Volume IV of History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. ISBN 0-89839-198-9.
• Dyer, George Carroll (1956). "The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner". United States Government Printing Office. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 21 May 2011. Dicapai pada 5 May 2011.
• "Animated Map History of The Battle of Iwo Jima (including Medal of Honor citations)". HistoryAnimated.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 October 2007. Dicapai pada 22 September 2007.
• "The Battle for Iwo Jima (color combat footage)". SonicBomb.com.^{[pautan mati kekal]}
• Brady, John H. "Iwo Jima". Iwo Jima, Inc. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 January 2006. Dicapai pada 19 February 2004.
• "Battle of Iwo Jima". WW2DB.com. Site contains 250 photographs.
• Williams, Greg. "Dimensions of Valor". The Tampa Tribune. TBO.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (Flash) pada 5 December 2006. 3-D stereo photograph of Iwo Jima flag-raising.
• "Iwo Jima: Forgotten Valor". Primary Source Adventures. Portal to Texas History, University of North Texas.
• Dawson, Rick (2007). "The Battle of Iwo Jima". ArticleMyriad.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 26 February 2007.
• "Iwo Jima Combat Footage in Color". WW2incolor.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 1 June 2007. Dicapai pada 12 May 2005.
• Lemer, Jeremy (15 February 2005). "Remembering the Battle of Iwo Jima". Columbia News Service. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 September 2006. Dicapai pada 6 October 2006.
• "Operations map of Iwo Jima" (JPG). 23 October 1944.
• "Collection of military maps of Iwo Jima". Historical Resources. 15 September 2008. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 January 2009. Dicapai pada 16 July 2017.
• "To the Shores of Iwo Jima" (video). Google Video.
• "Battle of Iwo Jima". History of War.
• Alexander, Colonel Joseph (2000). "Battle of Iwo Jima". HistoryNet.com and World War II magazine.
• "Iwo Jima Pictures". WW2-Pictures.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 April 2010.
• "Amphibious Operations: Capture of Iwo Jima". Naval History and Heritage Command. Dicapai pada 5 September 2015.
• "Victory at Sea: Target Suribachi" (video). Internet Archive. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 February 2009. Dicapai pada 17 January 2009.
• "Rare photos of the Battle of Iwo Jima from the U.S. National Archives and the Department of Defense, USMC". Awesome Stories. Dicapai pada 9 March 2010.
• "Daily summaries of fighting, Medal of Honor citations, a listing of those who died on Iwo Jima, and maps of the battle". Iwojimahistory.com. Dicapai pada 8 November 2011.