Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom)

Parti Konservatif, juga dikenali sebagai Parti Kesatuan dan Konservatif, merupakan parti berhaluan tengah-kanan dan kerap kali memenangi di dalam pilihan raya umum United Kingdom.

Parti Konservatif
Pemimpin	Rishi Sunak
Pengerusi Bersama	Andrew Stephenson Jake Berry[1]
Ditubuhkan	Bersejarah 1678, Moden 1912
Ibu pejabat	Conservative Campaign Headquarters, 30 Millbank, London, SW1P 4DP
Ideologi	Umum: Konservatisme, Kesatuan British, Puak dalaman:[2] Konservatisme liberal,[3] Libertarianisme, Konservatisme satu negara, Thatcherisme, Konservatisme tradisionalis
Kedudukan politik	Pertengahan kanan
Penggabungan Eropah	Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
Penggabungan antarabangsa	International Democrat Union
Kumpulan Parlimen Eropah	European Conservatives and Reformists
Warna	Biru
Dewan Rakyat	365 / 650
Dewan Pertuanan	250 / 724
Parlimen Eropah	20 / 73
Dewan Undangan London	8 / 25
Parlimen Scotland	31 / 129
Dewan Undangan Wales	12 / 60
Kerajaan tempatan[4][5]	9,405 / 21,871
Laman sesawang
http://www.conservatives.com/
Politik United Kingdom Parti politik Pilihan raya

Pada pilihan raya umum United Kingdom 2017, Parti Konservatif memperoleh jumlah kerusi terbesar walaupun kehilangan majoriti untuk memerintah. Namun begitu, Parti Konservatif berjaya menubuhkan kerajaan campuran bersama Parti Kesatuan Demokratik (DUP) dari Ireland Utara. Parti ini merupakan antara dua parti yang paling berpengaruh di United Kingdom selain daripada Parti Buruh. Parti Konservatif merupakan parti kedua terbesar di Parlimen Scotland dan parti terbesar di Parlimen Ireland Utara. Parti Konservatif juga merupakan parti utama di Wilayah Seberang Laut Britain di Gibraltar.

Parti ini diketuai Rishi Sunak yang turut merupakan Perdana Menteri United Kingdom terkini menggantikan Liz Truss sejak 24 Oktober 2022.

Sejarah

Keputusan pilihan raya

Parlimen United Kingdom

Pilihan raya umum	Pemimpin	Undi		Kerusi		kedudukan	Kerajaan
		#	%	#	±
1835	Sir Robert Peel	261,269	40.8%	273 / 658	▲98	▬ 2	Whig (Whig)
1837	Sir Robert Peel	379,694	48.3%	314 / 658	▲41	▬ 2	Whig (Whig)
1841	Sir Robert Peel	379,694	56.9%	367 / 658	▲53	▲ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1847	The Earl of Derby	205,481	42.7%	325 / 656 Termasuk Peelite	▼42	▬ 1	Whig (Whig)
1852	The Earl of Derby	311,481	41.9%	330 / 654 Termasuk Peelite	▲5	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1857	The Earl of Derby	239,712	34.0%	264 / 654	▼66	▼ 2	Whig (Whig)
1859	The Earl of Derby	193,232	34.3%	298 / 654	▲34	▬ 2	Whig (Whig)
1865	The Earl of Derby	346,035	40.5%	289 / 658	▼9	▬ 2	Liberal (Liberal)
1868[fn 1]	Benjamin Disraeli	903,318	38.4%	271 / 658	▼18	▬ 2	Liberal (Liberal)
1874	Benjamin Disraeli	1,091,708	44.3%	350 / 652	▲79	▲ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1880	The Earl of Beaconsfield	1,462,351	42.5%	237 / 652	▼113	▼ 2	Liberal (Liberal)
1885[fn 2]	Lord Salisbury	2,020,927	43.5%	247 / 670	▲10	▬ 2	Liberal minority (Liberal-Konservatif)
1886	Lord Salisbury	1,520,886	51.1%	317 / 670	▲70	▲ 1	Conservative–Liberal Unionist (Kesatuan Liberal)
1892	Lord Salisbury	2,159,150	47.0%	268 / 670	▼49	▼ 2	Liberal (Liberal)
1895	Lord Salisbury	1,894,772	49.0%	340 / 670	▲72	▲ 1	Conservative–Liberal Unionist (Kesatuan Liberal)
1900	Lord Salisbury	1,767,958	50.3%	335 / 670	▼5	▬ 1	Conservative–Liberal Unionist (Kesatuan Liberal)
1906	Arthur Balfour	2,422,071	43.4%	131 / 670	▼204	▼ 2	Liberal (Liberal)
Januari 1910	Arthur Balfour	3,104,407	46.8%	240 / 670	▲109	▬ 2	Liberal minority (Liberal-Konservatif)
Disember 1910	Arthur Balfour	2,420,169	46.6%	235 / 670	▼5	▬ 2	Liberal minority (Liberal-Konservatif)
Bergabung dengan Liberal Unionist Party pada tahun 1912 dan membentuk Conservative and Unionist Party
1918[fn 3]	Bonar Law	3,472,738	33.3%	379 / 707 332 dipilih bersama Coupon	▲108	▲ 1	Coalition Liberal–Conservative (Liberal-Konservatif)
1922	Bonar Law	5,294,465	38.5%	344 / 615	▼35	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1923	Stanley Baldwin	5,286,159	38.0%	258 / 625	▼86	▬ 1	Labour minority (Buruh-Konservatif)
1924	Stanley Baldwin	7,418,983	46.8%	412 / 615	▲124	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1929[fn 4]	Stanley Baldwin	8,252,527	38.1%	260 / 615	▼152	▼ 2	Labour minority (Buruh-Konservatif)
1931	Stanley Baldwin	11,377,022	55.0%	470 / 615	▲210	▲ 1	National Labour–Conservative–Liberal (Konservatif-Buruh Kebangsaan)
1935	Stanley Baldwin	10,025,083	47.8%	386 / 615	▼83	▬ 1	Conservative–National Labour–Liberal National (Konservatif-Buruh Kebangsaan)
1945	Winston Churchill	8,716,211	36.2%	197 / 640	▼189	▼ 2	Labour (Buruh)
1950	Winston Churchill	11,507,061	40.0%	282 / 625	▲85	▬ 2	Labour (Buruh)
1951	Winston Churchill	13,724,418	48.0%	302 / 625	▲20	▲ 1	Conservative–National Liberal (Konservatif-Liberal Kebangsaan)
1955	Anthony Eden	13,310,891	49.7%	324 / 630	▲22	▬ 1	Conservative–National Liberal (Konservatif-Liberal Kebangsaan)
1959	Harold Macmillan	13,750,875	49.4%	345 / 630	▲21	▬ 1	Conservative–National Liberal (Konservatif-Liberal Kebangsaan)
1964	Sir Alec Douglas-Home	12,002,642	43.4%	298 / 630	▼47	▼ 2	Labour (Buruh)
1966	Edward Heath	11,418,455	41.9%	250 / 630	▼48	▬ 2	Labour (Buruh)
1970[fn 5]	Edward Heath	13,145,123	46.4%	330 / 630	▲80	▲ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
Februari 1974	Edward Heath	11,872,180	37.9%	297 / 635	▼33	▼ 2	Labour minority (Buruh-Konservatif)
Oktober 1974	Edward Heath	10,462,565	35.8%	277 / 635	▼20	▬ 2	Labour (Buruh)
1979	Margaret Thatcher	13,697,923	43.9%	339 / 635	▲62	▲ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1983	Margaret Thatcher	13,012,316	42.4%	397 / 650	▲38	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1987	Margaret Thatcher	13,760,935	42.2%	376 / 650	▼21	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1992	John Major	14,093,007	41.9%	336 / 651	▼40	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
1997	John Major	9,600,943	30.7%	165 / 659	▼171	▼ 2	Labour (Buruh)
2001	William Hague	8,357,615	31.7%	166 / 659	▲1	▬ 2	Labour (Buruh)
2005	Michael Howard	8,785,941	32.4%	198 / 646	▲32	▬ 2	Labour (Buruh)
2010	David Cameron	10,704,647	36.1%	306 / 650	▲108	▲ 1	Conservative–Liberal Democrats (Konservatif-Liberal Demokratik)
2015	David Cameron	11,334,920	36.9%	330 / 650	▲24	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)
2017	Theresa May	13,632,914	42.3%	317 / 650	▼13	▬ 1	Conservative minority (Konservatif–DUP)
2019	Boris Johnson	13,966,565	43.6%	365 / 650	▲48	▬ 1	Conservative (Konservatif)

Nota

1. Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Pembaharuan 1867.
2. Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Perwakilan Rakyat 1884 dan Akta Pengagihan Kerusi 1885.
3. Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Perwakilan Rakyat Tahun 1918 yang membenarkan kaum lelaki berumur 21 tahun dan keatas dan kaum perempuan berumur 30 tahun fmdan keatas boleh mengundi.
4. Pilihan raya pertama di bawah Akta Perwakilan Rakyat 1928 yang membenarkan kaum wanita berumur 21 tahun dan keatas mengundi.
5. Had umur rakyat Britain untuk mengundi digubal dari umur 18 hingga 20 tahun dan keatas di bawah Akta Perwailan Rakyat 1969.

Hubungan diplomatik antara United Kingdom dan Malaysia

Menurut Tunku Zain Al-'Abidin ibni Tuanku Muhriz daripada IDEAS menyatakan beberapa orang pemimpin Parti Konservatif juga membantu Malaysia selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Antaranya David Gammans dan Lord Marchwood berjasa menolong para pejuang kemerdekaan menentang Malayan Union. Malaysia menandatangani Perjanjian Pertahanan Lima Negara dengan Perdana Menteri daripada Parti Konservatif Edward Heath. Perjanjian ini terus memberi manfaat kepada negara Malaysia. Margaret Thatcher dan John Major pernah melawat Malaysia semasa menjadi Perdana Menteri United Kingdom. Malangnya Tony Blair, bekas Perdana Menteri Parti Buruh hanya melawat Malaysia setelah pencen. Malah Tony Blair menyokong George W. Bush habis-habisan semasa mahu menjajah Iraq pada 2003.

Prinsip 1Malaysia juga menyamai konsep "Konservatisme Satu Negara (One Nation Conservatism)" yang diperkenalkan oleh Margaret Thatcher. Pada 1986, Margaret Thatcher menyatakan dasar Penswastaan dipelajari dan dikuti dari Malaysia hingga ke Mexico.

Dasar liberalisasi pasaran di Britain yang dipelopori oleh Margaret Thatcher membawa kepada pembangunan yang pesat. Margaret Thatcher berjaya menyekat penganut fahaman sosialis dan marxist dalam pelbagai kesatuan sekerja yang cuba menghalang pembangunan.^[6]

Rujukan

1. "These New Conservative Party Ministers Have Just Been Revealed".
2. Andrew Sparrow (17 Disember 2009). "Only 12% of Tory MPs choose Cameronism as political philosophy". The Guardian. London.
3. Pemimpin parti kini David Cameron menyatakan yang beliau seorang konservatif liberal (James Kirkup (3 September 2008). "David Cameron rejects neo-conservative foreign policy". Telegraph.co.uk. London. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2008-09-07. Dicapai pada 2 Julai 2009.)
4. Keith Edkins (30 November 2009). "Local Council Political Compositions". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-01-07. Dicapai pada 2 Disember 2009.
5. Nicholas Whyte (10 Mei 2005). "The 2005 Local Government Elections in Northern Ireland". Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive. Dicapai pada 2 Disember 2009.
6. Eratkan hubungan dengan Parti Konservatif

Bibliografi

Bale, Tim (2011). The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-4858-3.

Blake, Robert (2011). The Conservative Party from Peel to Major (ed. 4th). London: Faber Finds.

Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor. The Growth of the British Party System Volume I: 1640–1923 (1965); The Growth of the British Party System Volume II: 1924–1964, revised to 1966 Conservative-Labour Confrontation (1967)

Evans, Eric J. (2004). Thatcher and Thatcherism.

Garnett, Mark, and Philip Lynch. The conservatives in crisis: the Tories after 1997 (1994)

Paterson, David (2001). Liberalism and Conservatism, 1846–1905.

Lain-lain rujukan

• Bale, Tim. The Conservatives since 1945: the Drivers of Party Change. (2012, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-923437-0)
• Beer, Samuel. "The Conservative Party of Great Britain," Journal of Politics Vol. 14, No. 1 (February 1952), pp. 41–71 in JSTOR
• Blake, Robert and Louis William Roger, eds. Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War (Oxford UP, 1992), 581 pp; 29 essays by scholars on specialized topics
• Blake, Robert. The Conservative Party From Peel To Churchill (1970) online
• Campbell, John. Margaret Thatcher; Volume Two: The Iron Lady (Pimlico (2003). ISBN 0-7126-6781-4
• Dorey, Peter; Garnett, Mark; Denham, Andrew. From Crisis to Coalition: The Conservative Party, 1997–2010 (2011) Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54238-9 excerpt and text search
• British conservatism: the politics and philosophy of inequality (IB Tauris, 2010), Covers more than just political party.
• Green, E. H. H. Ideologies of conservatism: conservative political ideas in the twentieth century (2004)
• The Crisis of conservatism: The politics, economics, and ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914 (1996)
• Harris, Robert. The Conservatives – A History (2011) Bantam Press ISBN 978-0-593-06511-2
• King, Anthony, ed. British Political Opinion 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001)
• Lawrence, Jon. Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (Oxford University Press, 2009) excerpt and text search
• McKenzie, R. T. and A. Silver. Angels in Marble: Working-class Conservatives in Urban England (1968)
• Mowat, Charles Loch. Britain between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955) 694 pp; Detailed clinical history during

Norton, Bruce F. Politics in Britain (2007) textbook

• Parry, J. P. "Disraeli and England," Historical Journal Vol. 43, No. 3 (September 2000), pp. 699–728 in JSTOR
• Powell, David. British Politics, 1910–1935: The Crisis of the Party System (2004)
• Reitan, Earl Aaron. The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001 (2003) Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2203-2
• Searle, G. R. A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918 (2005) 976pp broad survey
• Seldon, Anthony and Stuart Ball, eds. Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (1994) 896pp; essays by experts Contents
• Snowdon, Peter. Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party (2010) HarperPress ISBN 978-0-00-730884-2
• Taylor, A. J. P. English History, 1914–1945 (1965), a standard political history of the era
• Thackeray, David. "Home and Politics: Women and Conservative Activism in Early Twentieth‐Century Britain," Journal of British Studies (2010) 49#4 pp. 826–48.
• Windscheffel, Alex. "Men or Measures? Conservative Party Politics, 1815–1951," Historical Journal Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 2002), pp. 937–51 in JSTOR
• Crowson, N. J., ed. The Longman Companion to the Conservative Party Since 1830 (2001); chronologies; relations with women, minorities, trade unions, EU, Ireland, social reform and empire.
• Harrison, Brian. "Margaret Thatcher’s Impact on Historical Writing", in William Roger Louis, ed., Irrepressible Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics, and Culture in Britain (London, 2013), 307–21.
• Kowol, Kit. "Renaissance on the Right? New Directions in the History of the Post-War Conservative Party." Twentieth Century British History 27#2 (2016): 290–304. online
• Porter, Bernard. "‘Though Not an Historian Myself…’Margaret Thatcher and the Historians." Twentieth Century British History 5#2 (1994): 246–56.
• Turner, John. "The British Conservative Party in the Twentieth Century: from Beginning to End?." Contemporary European History 8#2 (1999): 275–87.

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom)

• Tapak web rasmi
• Conservatives.tv
• Konservatif di Ireland Utara Diarkibkan 2007-02-03 di Wayback Machine
• Konservatif di Scotland
• Perlembagaan Parti Konservatif
• conservative-party.net – Laman sesawang direktori Konservatif
• Guardian Politics – Laporan Khas: Parti Konservatif
• The Thatcher legacy 1979–2009 – Persidangan Antarabangsa
• Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom) di Curlie

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