Gandum kuda atau gandum hitam atau buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) ialah tumbuhan yang ditanam untuk bijirinnya dan juga sebagai tanaman penutup bumi. Untuk membezakannya dari spesis berkaitan, Fagopyrum tataricum yang ditanam sebagai bijian di Pergunungan Himalaya, dan dari spesis yang kurang ditanam Fagopyrum acutatum, ia juga dikenali sebagai gandum kuda Jepun[2] atau gandum kuda silverhull.[2]
Fakta Segera Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum, Pengelasan saintifik ...
Walaupun namanya begitu, gandum kuda ini tiada kaitan dengan gandum kerana ia bukan spesis rumput. Malah, gandum kuda ini mempunyai kaitan dengan sorrel, knotweed, dan rubarb. Disebabkan benihnya dimakan, ia dirujuk sebagai bijirin pseudo.
Penanaman bijian gandum kuda menurun dengan mendadak pada abad ke-20 dengan penggunaan baja nitrogen yang meningkatkan produktiviti tanaman ruji lain.
Anggaran pengeluaran dunia Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian PBB tahun 2013
Bergantung kepada tindak balas hidroterma, gandum kuda nyahbijirin mengandungi 7–37% kanji tahan.
Protein
Protein mentah sebanyak 18%, dengan nilai biologi melebihi 90%.[6] Ini boleh diterangkan dengan kepekatan tinggi semua asid amino penting,[7] terutamanya lisina, treonina, triptofan, dan asid amino yang mengandungi sulfur.[8]
10–200 ppm rutin, 0.1–2% tanin[11] dan kehadiran katekin-7-O-glukosida dalan nyahbijirin.[12]
Sebatian beraroma
salisilaldehid (2-hidroksibenzaldehid) dikenalpasti sebagai komponen aroma gandum kuda.[13]2,5-dimetil-4-hidroksi-3(2H)-furanon, (E,E)-2,4-dekadienal, fenilasetaldehid, 2-metoksi-4-vinilfenol, (E)-2-nonenal, dekanal dan heksanal juga menyumbang kepada aroma. Kesemuanya mempunyai nilai aktiviti bau melebihi 50, tetapi aroma bahan ini dalam keadaan terasing dan tidak menyerupai gandum kuda.[14]
Terbitan Inositol
Fagopiritol A1 dan fagopiritol B1 (isomer mono-galaktosil D-kiro-inositol), fagopyritol A2 dan fagopyritol B2 (isomer di-galaktosil D-kiro-inositol), dan fagopyritol B3 (tri-galaktosil D-kiro-inositol)[15]
Skrabanja V, Laerke HN, Kreft I (September 1998). "Effects of hydrothermal processing of buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) groats on starch enzymatic availability in vitro and in vivo in rats". Journal of Cereal Science. 28 (2): 209–214. doi:10.1006/jcrs.1998.0200.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Skrabanja V, Elmstahl HGML, Kreft I, Bjorck IME (January 2001). "Nutritional properties of starch in buckwheat products: Studies in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (1): 490–496. doi:10.1021/jf000779w. PMID11170616.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Eggum BO, Kreft I, Javornik B (1980). "Chemical-Composition and Protein-Quality of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)". Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 30 (3–4): 175–9. doi:10.1007/BF01094020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Bonafaccia G, Marocchini M, Kreft I (2003). "Composition and technological properties of the flour and bran from common and tartary buckwheat". Food Chemistry. 80 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00228-5.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Bonafaccia, L. Gambelli, N. Fabjan and I. Kreft (October 2003). "Trace elements in flour and bran from common and tartary buckwheat". Food Chemistry. 83 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00228-0.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Kreft S, Knapp M, Kreft I (November 1999). "Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (11): 4649–52. doi:10.1021/jf990186p. PMID10552865.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Janes D, Kreft S (2008). "Salicylaldehyde is a characteristic aroma component of buckwheat groats". Food Chemistry. 109 (2): 293–8. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.032.
Kreft S, Strukelj B, Gaberscik A, Kreft I (August 2002). "Rutin in buckwheat herbs grown at different UV-B radiation levels: comparison of two UV spectrophotometric and an HPLC method". J Exp Bot. 53 (375): 1801–4. doi:10.1093/jxb/erf032. PMID12147730.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Eguchi K, Anase T and Osuga H (2009). "Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method to Determine the Fagopyrin Content of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) and Common Buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench)". Plant Production Science. 12 (4): 475–480. doi:10.1626/pps.12.475.
Ožbolt L, Kreft S, Kreft I, Germ M and Stibilj V (2008). "Distribution of selenium and phenolics in buckwheat plants grown from seeds soaked in Se solution and under different levels of UV-B radiation". Food Chemistry. 110 (3): 691–6. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.073.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
E.S. Oplinger, E.A. Oelke, M.A. Brinkman and K.A. Kelling (November 1989). "Buckwheat". Alternative Field Crops Manual. Dicapai pada 2008-02-26.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Mazza, G. (1992). "Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), the crop and its importance". Dalam MacRae, R. (penyunting). Encyclopedia of food science, food technology and nutrition. London: Academic Press Ltd. m/s.534–9.
Mazza, G. (1993). "Storage, Processing, and Quality Aspects of Buckwheat Seed". Dalam Janick J., Simon J.E. (penyunting). New crops. New York: Wiley. m/s.251–5.
Marshall, H.G. and Y. Pomeranz. (1982). "Buckwheat description, breeding, production and utilization". Dalam Y. Pomeranz (penyunting). Advances in cereal science and technology. St. Paul, MN.: Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chem. m/s.157–212.
McGregor, S.E. (1976). "9 Crop Plants and Exotic Plants — Buckwheat". Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal |archive-url= requires |url= (bantuan) pada 2004-10-15.Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (bantuan); |access-date= requires |url= (bantuan)As found on the website of the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center of the USDA Agricultural Research Service.
Templat:Unimelb
Clayton G. Campbell (1997). Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 19. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.[pautan mati kekal]